Annotated Bibliography & Other Sources

—Work in Progress. Last updated 10 January 2022—

Almay, Mirja, Marketta Luutonen, and Kyllikki Mitronen. Sydamenlammittaja ja tikkuripaita: Perinteisia neuleita Suomesta ja Eestista; Kustannusosakeyhtio: pgs. 5, 39, 93-95, English Summary 145-150. Helsinki: Tammi, 1993. ISBN 951-31-0089-9.

Finnish; While mostly concentrating on knitting in Finland and Estonia, and some crochet, this book does include a small section on nalbinding with directions, in Finnish, for UUOOUU/OOUUOOO. The English summary is quite good with a brief discussion on the history of the techniques and descriptions of all the pictures in the book.

Amann, Rudy. "A Mörbius Scarf to Nålbind." Piecework Vol. IX, no. 3 (May/June 2001): pgs. 33-34. Interweave Press, 2001.

English; Fairly clear instructions on the UOO/UUOO F1 variant, including pictures. While clear, I would prefer the pictures had been taken closer up. In addition, while they demonstrate a good method for splicing plied thread, I suggest splicing closer to the work than recommended in these instructions.

Andersen, Søren H. Tybrind Vig: Submerged Mesolithic Settlements in Denmark. Højbjerg: Moesgård Museum, 2013. ISBN 978-87-88415-78-0

English; Archeological report on the Tybrind Vig finds in Denmark. Drawings on page 217 and 394-396.

Anderson, Eva, Maria Flinck, Gunilla Rehnström, and Jan Nordahl. Sorunda: berättelser och bilder från en slöjdinventering. Stockholm: Stockholms läns hemslöjdsfören, 1989. ISBN 91-87842-01-7

Swedish; Includes a brief section on nalbinding in Sorunda and some color pictures of early 1900`s nalbinding.

Arbman, Holger. "Äldre Handbeklädnad" Part I of "Åslevanten." In Nordiska Museets och Skansens Årsbok Fataburen, 1934. pgs. 67-72.

Swedish; Discusses the find of the Åsle mitten. Includes the full pollen analysis, a dating which has since been overridden by radiocarbon dating. Then briefly discusses mittens in classical literature and the symbolism of mittens in the Middle Ages.

Baker, Sylvia. Make Your Own Bilum: The Craft of Knotless Netting of Stone Age Origins and Including Thigh Spinning in the Primitive Manner. Brisbane, Qld: Boolarong, 1986 ISBN 0 9590226 0 0.

English; Clear discussion of the structure and working of the hourglass stitch as used in bilums. Includes clear instructions and diagrams on how to change colors, work multiple spirals, what mistakes look like and how to correct them. Copies can be obtained by contacting the author's daughter: http://www.soxyfleming.com/bilums.html

Barber, Elizbeth Wayland. The Mummies of Ürümchi. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999. ISBN 0-393-04521-8.

English; Discusses the early history of the use of textiles, fibers and spinning, and briefly mentions the nalbinding in the Nehal Hemar cave in Isreal. It also includes mentions of the Skrydstrup blouse of detached buttonhole stitch with three twineing ”central” threads.

Barber, E. J. W.; Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with special reference to the Aegean; Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1991; pgs. 4, 12, 20, 21, 34, 37, 41, 65, 66, 68, 123, 130-134, 140, 177, 182-184, 213, 224, 249, 259; ISBN 0-691-00224-X (hardback ISBN 0-691-03597-0).

English; Discusses the early history of the use of textiles, fibers and spinning, and briefly mentions the nalbinding in the Nehal Hemar cave in Isreal. It also includes mentions of the Skrydstrup blouse of detached buttonhole stitch with three twineing ”central” threads.

Barnes, F. A., and Michaelene Pendleton. Canyon Country Prehistoric Indians: Their Cultures, Ruins, Artifacts, and Rock Art. Salt Lake City, UT: Wasatch Publishers, 1979, second printing 1981.

English; Includes a photograph of a large Fremont bg. Otherwise limited mention of textiles. Useful for dating and locations of both the sites and museum holdings.

Bender Jørgensen, Lise & Københavns Universitet, ‘Nålebinding i dansk stenalder’ in Textila Tekniker I Nordisk Tradition, Rapport från nordiskt symposium on textila tekniker 1986, ed. by Bengt Wittgren; Etnolore 6, Skrifter från Etnologiska institutionen vid Uppsala universitet; Reprocentralen HSC, Uppsala universitet, Uppsala, 1987; pgs. 63-68; ISBN 91-506-0652-2; ISSN 0280-9559.

Danish; Discusses the nalbound finds from Tybrind Vig, 4,200 BC, and a bit on the Bolkilde finds fron 3,400 BC. Includes drawings of the Tybrind Vig finds.

Bender Jørgensen, Lise; ‘Stone-Age Textiles in North Europe’ in Textiles in Northern Archaeology, Textile Symposium in York, North European Symposium for Archaeological Textiles Monograph 3, NESAT III; London Archetype Publications, 1990; pgs. 1-10; ISBN 1-873132-05-0.

English; This article also discusses the nalbound finds from Tybrind Vig, 4,200 BC, and a bit on the Bolkilde finds fron 3,400 BC. Includes drawings of the Tybrind Vig finds and one of the Bolkilde fragments.

Bender Jørgensen, Lise. "Textiles from Mons Claudianus: A Preliminary Report" in Recent Danish Research in Classical Archaeology: Tradition and Renewal. ed. by Tobias Fischer-Hansen. Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen, 1991. pgs. 83-95; ISBN 87-7289-121-1.

English; Includes an unclear black and white photograph of the nealy complete mid/late 2nd century sock.

Bennett, Wendell C. & Bird, Junius B.; Andean Culture History; Handbook Series No. 15; second and revised edition; ©The American Museum of Natural History; A publication of the Anthropological Handbook Fund, New York, 1960; pgs. 1-6, 112, 257-299.

English; Gives a brief discussion of the nalbinding variant known as ”needle knitting” found in Peru prior to the arrival of the Spanish. (Most likely Nazca and Paracas cultures, c200 BC-c200 AD.)

Bennike, Pia & Ebbesen, Klaus & Bender Jørgensen, Lise; ‘Early neolithic skeletons from Bolkilde bog, Denmark’ in Antiquity, LX, No. 230, November 1986; Antiquity Publications Ltd., Cambridge, 1986; pgs. 199-209; ISSN 0003-598X.

English; While mostly discussing the skeletons, this article also discusses the few pieces of nalbinding found with the bodies. It is interesting to note that the diagram given that is supposedly accurate for all three pieces does not match the picture of one of the Bolkilde fragments found in Bender Jørgensen, Lise; ‘Stone-Age Textiles in North Europe’.

Birrell, Verla Leone. The Textile Arts: A Handbook of Weaving, Braiding, Printing, and Other Textile Techniques. New York: Schocken Books, 1976. ISBN 0003-598X.

English; Third printing. Prior printings in 1959 & 1973. calls the Peruvian cross-knit looping psuedo-knitting. References Bultzingelowen and the Nichtgewebte Textilien vor 1400 she was publishing with Lehmann. Discussess and diagrams simple looping variations and complex combined looping processes.

Bjerregaard, Lena. Pre-columbian Woven Treasures in the National Museum of Denmark. Denmark: National Museum of Denmark, 2002. ISBN 87-89384-91-1.

English; Contains diagrams of both simple looping and cross-knit looping. Has two examples of cross-knit looping in the catalog.

Black, Sandy. Knitting: Fashion, Industry, Craft. London: V & A Publishing, 2012. ISBN 978-1-85177-559-0.

English; Primarily covers the more recent history of knitting, but includes two pictures of Coptic socks in the V&A and a couple of nice early knitting photos. Downloadable archival material appears to be available: https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=9781851775590&qt=owc_search

Bock, Franz; Geschichte der liturgischen Gewänder des Mittelalters II; Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz, Austria, 1970; pgs. 1-10, 131-148, 342-354, Taf. VII, XIX, XX, L.

German; Provides nice drawings, though no structural diagrams, of a number of ecclesiastical gloves. Some of which are nalbound.

Bolland, Rita; Tellem Textiles: Archaeological finds from Burial caves in Mali’s Bandiagara Cliff; Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden, No. 27; trans. by Patricia Wardle; Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, 1991; ISBN 90-6832-224-9 (KIT Press); ISBN 90-71310-45-0 (Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde).

English; Includes one item made using the simple buttonhole/blanket stitch variant and another item that has some buttonhole filling. It includes numerous woven articles. The occupation of the caves date from the 11th century to the 16th century.

Boast, Emma ‘Bruni’. Nalbinding for Beginners. Blurb Online Publishing, 2018.

English; A small 33 page color pamphlet. The instructions are pictured as if you were sitting across from the teacher and thus mirrored. She states the stitch is called 'langet' or 'single Danish.' Her starting chain is U/OU with the 2nd and following rows being Simple Looping connecting from the technical back, B1 U, and worked away from the body.

Bolton, Jill and Andrew Fyfe. "The Bilum: A Symbol of New Guinean Women’s Craft and Toil" in Piecework Volume XIX, Number 2 (April 2011): 30-32. Loveland, CO: Interweave, 2011. ISSN 1067-2249.

English; Talks about some of the information they have found in their studying a group of more than 300 traditional New Guinean string bags called bilums in museum collections as part of the Upper Sepik-Central New Guinea Project (www.uscngp.com).

Bolton, Jill. "A Looped String Bag" in Piecework Volume XIX, Number 2 (April 2011): 32-34. Loveland, CO: Interweave, 2011. ISSN 1067-2249.

English; The companion project to the "The Bilum: A Symbol of New Guinean Women's Craft and Toil" article. Uses the loop & twist (twisted half-hitch) and figure eight variants.

Booth, Charlotte. "Re-Creating Ancient Egyptian Socks" in Piecework Volume XIX, Number 6 (November/December 2011): 18-20. Loveland, CO: Interweave, 2011. ISSN 1067-2249.

English; Contains a photograph of the pair of socks believed to have been found at Hawara and now in the Petrie Muesum. .

Böttcher, Gudrun. "Eine fast verlorene Textiletechnik – Rekonstruktionsversuch einer Kopfbedeckung aus dem 19. Jarhundert" in Arbeitsblätter für Restauratoren. Gruppe 10. Textilien. Volume 31, Heft 1. Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseums, 1998: 250-257. ISSN 0066-5738.

German; One of two articles given to me by the Museum Dokkum regarding this hat which misidentifies the technique used.

Böttcher, Gudrun. "Kappe eines Derwisches in Nadelbindungstechnik" in Experimentelle Archäologie in Europa: Bilanz 2005 Heft 4. edited by Frank Both. Oldenburg: Isensee Verlag, 2006: 137-144. ISBN 3-89995-339-8.

German; Analyzes the structure of an 1857 Dervish cap with ear flaps.

Böttcher, Gudrun. "Koptische Nadelbindungstextilien im Museum der Kulturen Basel" in Experimentelle Archäologie in Europa: Bilanz 2004 Heft 3. edited by Corinna Endlich. Oldenburg: Isensee Verlag, 2004: 211-214. ISBN 3-89995-204-9.

German; Analysis of the stitch variants in the 24 Coptic examples in the Museum der Kulturen, Basel.

Böttcher, Gudrun. "Nadelbindung – Pontifikalstrümpfe des hl. Germanus in Delémont, Schweiz" in Experimentelle Archäologie in Europa: Bilanz 2003 Heft 2. edited by Prof. Dr. Mamoun Fansa. Oldenburg: Isensee Verlag, 2003: 111-113. ISBN 3-89995-102-6.

German; Includes information on and a stitch diagram for the Delémont stockings.

Böttcher, Gudrun. "Nadelbindung Ein Fingerhandschuh" in Experimentelle Archäologie im Museumsdorf Düppel: Neues aus dem Mittelalter edited by Mamoun Fansa. Oldenburg: Isensee, 1996: 147-152. ISBN 3-89598-385-3.

German; Provides a stitch determination for the 13th century glove from Riga as well as a method of reproduction.

German; Includes information on and a stitch diagram for the Delémont stockings.

Böttcher, Gudrun. "Nadelbindung – "Schlafmütze" in Dokkum" in Experimentelle Archäologie: Bilanz 1998. edited by M. Fansa. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Nordwestdeutschland, Beiheft 24. Oldenburg 1999. Pgs. 125-136. ISSN 0946-8250 ISBN 3-89598-627-5.

German; One of two articles given to me by the Museum Dokkum regarding this hat which misidentifies the technique used.

Böttcher, Gudrun. "Nadelbindung – Typ I mit vielen Variationsmöglichkeiten." Experimentelle Archäologie in Deutschland: Bilanz 1997: Symposium in Bad Buchau, Federsee-Museum, Oktober 1996. edited by Prof. Dr. Mamoun Fansa and Sabine Heinrichs. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Nordwestdeutschland, Beiheft 19. Oldenburg: Isensee, 1998. Pgs. 133-139. ISBN 3-89598-508-2.

German; Diagrams the variations possible with Type I variants, the simplest of the compound variants. Includes O/UO, U/OU, O/UU, and U/OO. Shows the difference between an F2 and F1+1 join on U/OU which has a plaited edge. Diagrams the upside down worked version of O/UO worked Right to left and connecting M1 that she developed to form the same structure of Open Front Loop Only Slip Stitch Crochet. Also shows samples of the resultant textures of several other joins. Also diagrams O!UO F1 turning stitch.

Böttcher, Gudrun. "Nadelbindungstechnik: Mittelalterlicher Textilfund in Müsen – Nachbildunsversuch" in Experimentelle Archäologie: Bilanz 1991 Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Nordwestdeutschland. Beiheft 6. by Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde und Vorgeschichte. Oldenburg: Isensee, 1991: 331-338. ISSN 0170-5776.

German; Includes information on and a stitch diagram for the Müsen fragment.

Böttcher, Gudrun. "Nadelbindungstechnik: Mittelalterlicher Textilfund in Müsen – Nachbildunsversuch" in Experimentelle Archäologie im Museumsdorf Düppel: Neues aus dem Mittelalter edited by Mamoun Fansa. Oldenburg: Isensee, 1996: 99-106. ISBN 3-89598-385-3.

German; Includes information on and a stitch diagram for the Müsen fragment.

Braun, Joseph; Die Liturgische Gewandung Im Occident Und Orient: Nach Ursprung Und Entwicklung, Verwendung Und Symbolik (1907); LaVergne, TN: Kessinger Publishing, 2010. ISBN 1161111026 (Print on Demand facsimile reprint)

German; Of particular interest is the section discussing ecclesiastical gloves. Has pictures and brief description of technique for a number of gloves including two that are nalbound.

Briansdotter, Sigrid; Nålbinding: The Åsle Mitten Stitch: An Instruction Manual: U (U) O/U O:U OO F1+1; © Anne Marie Decker; Tangle Fairies, Snohomish WA, 2000; ISBN 0-9708354-0-X.

English; Provides detailed information on the actual Åsle Mitten and detailed instructions, with clear diagrams, on  how to reproduce the stitch and  use it to make a number of different items.

Brodén, Märta; Nålbindning; LTs förlag, LTK, Stockholm; Centraltryckeriet AB, Borås, 1973; ISBN 91-36-00303-4.

Swedish; A book  with instructions, including diagrams, for the UOOO/UUUOO F2 variant. It also includes a brief history of nalbinding, descriptions of the best  types of wool to use, instructions for socks, mittens, scarves, and hats, and methods for fulling the object. Includes a Swedish-Danish word list.

Brodén, Märta; Nålbindning, Handledning; andra upplagan (2nd edition); LTs förlag, LTK, Stockholm; Centraltryckeriet AB, Borås, 1972; ISBN 91-36-00153-8.

Swedish; A short book with instructions, but no diagrams, for the UOOO/UUUOO F1 variant. Includes directions for child and adult sized socks, men’s mitten, and directions for fulling the item.

Brodén, Märta. Nålbindning. Stockholm: LTs förlag, LTK, 1973. ISBN 91-36-00303-4.

Swedish; An expansion of the previous Hanledning i nålbindning that came out in 1972 providing more description in both word and pictures. It includes some history of nalbinding, information on wool, instructions with diagrams for working the UOOO/UUUOO F2 variant, project instructions (including the Klaus Brita heel), and fulling instructions.

Bruwier, Marie-Cécile. Égyptiennes: étoffes coptes du Nil. Mariemont: Musée Royal de Mariemont, 1997. No ISBN.

French; Catalog entry 8 is the Egyptian "Coptic" sock now in Brussels: A.C.O.Tx. 2497. Includes a line diagram of the parts and their impression of the pickup.

Burnham, Dorothy K. "Coptic Knitting: An Ancient Technique" in Textile History, Vol. 3 December 1972. edited by K. G. Ponting and Dr S. D. Chapman. The Pasold Research Fund LTD, England, 1972; pgs. 116-124. No ISBN/ISSN provided.

English; Explains that the Egyptian socks from the 4th – 6th centuries AD while appearing to be constructed using the Crossed Eastern Knitting method are actually made using a variant of nalbinding which she refers to as ”single-needle knitting”. Includes diagrams and explanations of the method and heel formation.

Busana, Maria Stella, Margarita Gleba, Francesco Meo, and Anna Rosa Tricomi. Textiles, and Dyes in the Ancient Mediterranean Wordl: Economy and Society: Proceedings of the VIth International Symposium on Textiles and Dyes in the Ancient Mediterranean World (Padova – Este- Altino, Italy 17-20 October 2016). Purpureae Vestes VI. Spain: Libros Portico, 2018. ISBN 978-84-7956-179-6.

English, Italian & Spanish; Still reviewing the articles. Bone needles and Textile Production during Roman Times: a New Proposal by Carla Corti & Michela Sanfelici.

Bush, Nancy. Folk Knitting in Estonia: A Garland of Symbolism, Tradition, and Technique. Loveland, CO: Interweave Press, 1999. ISBN 1-883010-43-8.

English; Includes a brief mention of nalbinding (including the Estonian term) and a photograph of the 19th century mitten from Ritsi.

Bush, Nancy; ‘Nålbinding – From the Iron Age to Today’ in Piecework Vol. IX N. 3, May / June 2001; Interweave Press, 2001; pgs. 28-32.

English; A brief history of nalbinding with some excellent photographs. Includes the best photo I have seen of the red Egyptian nalbound hat with cross-knit nalbound tassel.

Carnegie Institute, and Handweavers Guild of America, Inc. Fiber Structures: [Exhibition June 18 – July 31, 1976, at the Heinz Gallery of the Museum of Art, Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh, in Conjunction with Convergence 176, the Biennial Convention of the Handweavers Guild of America]. 1976. ISBN 0-442-23101-6.

English; Generally not useful for nalbinding. Includes and introduction by Irene Emery and a few pictures of objects from New Guinea and Zaire in addition to the Exhibition photos.

Caulfeild, Sophia F., and Blanche C. Saward. Encyclopedia of Victorian Needlework In Two Volumes 1 A-L. An unabridged republication of the second edition (1887) of the work originally published by A. W. Cowan, London, in 1882 under the title The Dictionary of Needlework: An Encyclopedia of Artistic, Plain, and Fancy Needlework. New York: Dover Publ, 1972. pgs. 56, 57, 88, 89, 94, 95, 186, ?, 190, 191, 238-240, 253-256; ISBN 0-486-22800-2; Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-182103.

English; Includes various needle laces based off or including buttonhole variants. Useful for analyzing cross-over structures.

Caulfeild, S. F. A. & Saward, Blanche C.; Encyclopedia of Victorian Needlework [Dictionary of Needlework]; Vol. II, M-Z and Supplement; an unabridged republication of the second edition (1887) of the work originally published by A. W. Cowan, London, in 1882 under the title The Dictionary of Needlework: An Encyclopedia of Artistic, Plain, and Fancy Needlework; Dover Publications, Inc. New York, 1972; pgs. 403-410, 446, 447, 453-457, 464, 469, 511-513; ISBN 0-486-22801-0; Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-182103.

English; see above

Claßen-Büttner, Ulrike. Nadelbinden – Was ist denn das? Geschichte und Technik einer fast vergessenen Handarbeit. Norderstedt: Books on Demand GmbH, 2012. ISBN 978-3-8482-0124-2.

German; Contains both information regarding the history of nalbinding and instructions.

Claßen-Büttner, Ulrike. Nalbinding – What in the World Is That? History and Technique of an Almost Forgotten Handicraft. Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2015. ISBN 978-3-7347-7905-3.

English; Contains both information regarding the history of nalbinding and instructions. Note: This is the color English version obtainable from the German sites (US version is Black &amp; White).

Claßen-Büttner, Ulrike. Nalbinding – What in the World Is That? History and Technique of an Almost Forgotten Handicraft. Norderstedt: Books on Demand, 2015. ISBN 978-3-7347-8775-1.

English; Contains both information regarding the history of nalbinding and instructions. Note: This is the black &amp; white US version. There is an English color version available via the German sites.

Collin, Maria; ‘Sydda vantar’ in Fataburen; 1917; pgs. 71-78.

Swedish; Discusses Swedish nålbinding of the early 20th cent. Includes diagram instructions for the UOU/OUOO F1, UO/UOO F1, and UOO/UUOO F2 variants. The last is particularly interesting as the diagrams and the accompaning photo are directly out of Louise Schinnerer’s ”Antike Handarbeiten” which is the first book in which a variant of nålbinding is diagramed.

Collingwood, Peter; The Maker’s Hand, A Close Look at Textile Structures; Lark Books, Asheville, NC & Interweave Press, Loveland, Colorado, 1987; pgs. 9, 14-33, 44-45; ISBN 0-937274-26-7.

English; Includes pictures and diagrams of a number of items made using buttonhole variants, a pair of  Norwegian mittens made using UOOOO/UUUUOO F1, and a pair of socks from Oman that uses a very unusual variant possibly classified as UUOO/UUU/OOO/UUUOO.

Dahl, Hjördis. Högsäng och Klädbod: Ur Svenskbygdernas Textilhistoria. Skrifter utg. av Sv. Litteratursällskapet I Finland NR 544, ISSN 0039-6842. Folklivsstudier XVIII, ISSN 0085-0764. Helsingfors (Borga): Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland (Tryckeri och Tidnings Ab), 1987. ISBN 951-9018-36-0.

Swedish; Includes a brief section on the nalbinding of the Swedish speaking parts of  Finland. Gives a diagram of a variant where the intersection is split not just turned around, UOO≠UUOO F1.

D’Amato, Raffaele, and Graham Sumner. Roman Military Clothing (3): AD 400-600. Oxford: Osprey, 2005. ISBN 1-84176-843-X.

English; Includes a black and white photo of one of the pair of multicolored compound nalbound socks from Antinoe now in the Museo Egizio, Florence.

Danielson, Sofia; Hand och tanke; 100 år textil; Nordiska museet, Stockholm, 1973; pgs, 26-28; ISBN 91-7108-059-7.

Swedish; A brief discussion on Märta Brodén and her nalbinding background. Includes diagrams for variant UO/UOO, although #2 &amp; #3 don’t make sense, and Brodén’s sock.

Daugherty, Robin Taylor; ‘A Treasure Pouch in Simple Looping’ in Piecework Vol. II N. 1, January/February 1994; Interweave Press, 1994; pgs. 66-69.

English; Directions for making a small pouch in the simple buttonhole variant.

Davidson, D. S.; ‘Australian Netting and Basketry Techniques’ in The Journal of the Polynesian Society; 1933; pgs. 257-299.

English; Discusses Australian netting and Basketry techniques including simple loop, loop and twist, and hourglass variants.

Davidson, D. S. ‘Knotless netting in America and Oceania’ in American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Part 1). Menasha, Wisconsin: George Banta Publishing Company, 1935. pgs. 117-134.

English; Discusses American Continent and Pacific Island nalbinding. Includes diagrams of many buttonhole variations, loop &amp; twist variations, hourglass variations, and the O/UO B1 &amp; U/OO F3 variants.

Dépôt de la Paroisse de Delémont; Color photo of the socks of St. Germain (most probably his relic) ~ 5 inches by 5 inches (arranged as in the article by Stekoffer) and a photocopy of what appears to be the information card that would go with them at the museum.

French; Has English translation below it.

de Dillmont, Thérèse. Encyclopedia of Needlework. D.M.C Library Editions. Mulhouse, France: Th. De Dillmont, 1975. No ISBN

English; Includes various needle laces based off or including buttonhole/blanket and loop & twist variants. Useful for analysis purposes.

de Dillmont, Therese; Encyclopedia of Needlework; New Edition, revised and enlarged; D.M.C Library; Bracken Books, London, 1987; ISBN 1-85170-014-5.

English; See above.

de Lavalle, José Antonio and Werner Lang. Arte precolombino. Primera parte, Arte y tesoros del Peru. Lima: Banco de Crédito del Perú, 1977. No ISBN

Spanish; Contains images of a Paracas mantle with "anillado" border, a couple of hats with wigs, and a few other items.

De Luco, Pam. "The Chácara of the Ngöbe Woman: Handspun string bags from Panama" in Spin-Off, Vol. XXV, No. 2 (Summer 2001): pgs. 62-65. Loveland, CO: Interweave Press, Inc., 2001.

English; Discusses the entire process in making the bags and has diagrams of two stitch variants, simple buttonhole and O/UO F1?.

De Moor, Antoine. 3500 Years of Textile Art. Tielt: Lannoo, 2008. ISBN 9789020981032.

English; Pgs. 72, 74, &amp; 130-131 discuss 721-01a,b, the pair of colorful child's socks of the Phoebus Foundation's collection (formerly Katoen Natie). Pgs. 74-75 &amp; 220-221 discuss the Fatamid blue &amp; white open-loop knitted sock and 3 fragments in the collection.

De Moor, Antoine, Cäcilia Fluck, and Petra Linscheid ed. Drawing the Threads Together: Textiles and Footwear of the 1st Millennium AD from Egypt. Proceedings of the 7th conference of the research group ‘Textiles from the Nile Valley’, Antwerp, 7-9 October 2011. Tielt: Lannoo Publishers, 2013. ISBN 9789401410830.

English & French articles; Of particular interest due to photographs and information regarding nalbound textiles: "A survey of textiles in the UK from the 1913-14 Egypt Exploration Fund Season at Antinoupolis" by Francis Pritchard.

De Moor, Antoine, Cäcilia Fluck, and Elisabeth Ehler. Dress Accessories of the 1st Millenium AD from Egypt. Proceedings of the 6th meeting of the research group ‘Textiles from the Nile Valley’, Antwerp, 2-3 October 2009. Tielt: Lannoo Publishers, 2011. ISBN 9789020999365.

English & French articles; Of particular interest due to photographs and information regarding nalbound textiles: "Accessoires vestimentaires dans la collection de textiles coptes du musée du Louvre" by Dominique Bénazeth; "Dress accessories from Antinoupolis Finds from the northern necropolis" by Cäcilia Fluck and Harald Froschauer (which includes hair piece); and "The footwear from Kellis, a Roman Period village in the Dakhleh Oasis" by Rosanne Livingstone.

De Moor, Antoine, Cäcilia Fluck, and Petra Linscheid ed. Egypt As a Textile Hub: Textile Interrelationships in the 1st Millennium AD. Proceedings of the 10th conference of the research group ‘Textiles from the Nile Valley’, Antwerp, 27-29 October 2017. Tielt: Lannoo Publishers, 2019. ISBN 9789401464697.

English, French, & German articles; Of particular interest due to photographs and information regarding nalbound textiles: "Karanis texts on textile production: Interrelationships in the Roman World" by Ines Bogensperger.

De Moor, Antoine, Cäcilia Fluck, and Petra Linscheid ed. Excavating, analysing, reconstructing: Textiles of the first millennium AD from Egypt and neighbouring countries. Proceedings of the 9th conference of the research group ‘Textiles from the Nile Valley’, Antwerp, 27-29 November 2015. Tielt: Lannoo Publishers, 2017. ISBN 9789401443999.

English; Of particular interest due to photographs and information regarding nalbound textiles: "The care, conservation and study of archaeological textiles from Jordan and Sudan, with particular reference to the Fourth Nile Cataract mummies" by Anna Harrison and Ruiha Smalley; "Roman and Late Roman nalbinding socks from Egypt: Bringing 'Egyptian fashion' to the North" by Barbara Köstner; and "New work on an old collection: 1st millennium AD Egyptian textiles in the Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan, The British Museum" by Amadine Mérat.

De Moor, Antoine, Cäcilia Fluck, and Susanna Martinssen-von Falck. Methods of Dating Ancient Textiles of the 1st Millenium AD from Egypt and Neighbouring Countries Proceedings of the 4th meeting of the research group ‘Textiles from the Nile Valley’, Antwerp, 16-17 April 2005. Tielt: Lannoo, 2007.Tielt: Lannoo Publishers, 2017. ISBN 9789020970982.

English; Of particular interest due to photographs and information regarding nalbound textiles: "Dated textiles from Mons Claudianus and 'Abu Sha'ar" by Lise Bender Jørgensen; "Radiocarbon analysed textiles in the Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byzantinische Kunst, Berlin" by Cäcilia Fluck and Kathrin Mälck. Also includes one picture of the blue and white knit sock in the Phoebus Foundation collection at Kateon Natie.

De Moor, Antoine, Cäcilia Fluck, M. Van Strydonck, and M. Boudin. "Radiocarbon dating of Late Roman woolen socks from Egypt," In Textiles, tools and techniques of the 1st millennium AD from Egypt and neighbouring countries. Proceedings of the 8th conference of the research group ‘Textiles from the Nile Valley,’ Antwerp, 4-6 October 2013,] ed. Antoine De Moor, Cäcilia Fluck, and Petra Linscheid, p. 131-136. Tielt: Lannoo Publishers, 2015. ISBN 9789401432405.

English; The radiocarbon dating of 12 cross-knit looping variant socks: 1936-1897, the Purple sock in the V&amp;A; 721-01a,b, the colorful pair in the Phoebus Foundation's collection (formerly Katoen Natie); EA 53912, the colorful child's sock in the British Museum; UC 16766, the pair of socks in the Petrie Museum; EA 53913, the brown sock in the British Museum; ACO TX 2497, the colorful child's sock in the Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels; 2085-1900, the pair of red socks in the V&amp;A, 1287-1904, the red &amp; yellow child's sock in the V&amp;A, E 32318, the child's sock in the Louvre; 1901-0314.35, the red sock in the British Museum's Britain, Europe, and Prehistory department; 1243-1904, the patched brown sock in the V&amp;A; and 27876, the ribbed child's sock in the Ägyptisches Museum, Berlin.

Del Francia, Loretta. "TISSUS COPTES D’ANTINOE A FLORENCE." Rivista Degli Studi Orientali 58, no. 1/4 (1984): 55-83. Accessed April 20, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41923335.

French; Plate XXII has black and white photographs of the pair of striped compound nalbound adult socks and the cross-knit looping variant child's sock from Antinoe currently in the Museum Egizio in Florence. Page 83 includes the descriptive information. Includes information regarding the provenance, materials/techniques, and conservation.

Del Francia Barocas, Loretta. Antinoe cent’anni dopo: Catalogo della Mostra, Firenze, Palazzo Medici Riccardi, 10 luglio-1 novembre 1998. [Parigi]: Museo del Louvre, 1998. No ISBN.

Italian; Page 229 of the catalog has a picture of the cross-knit looping variant child's sock and the striped compound nalbound pair of adult socks from Antinoe currently in the Museum Egizio in Florence.

Desrosiers, Sophie, Patricia Dal-Pra, and Isabelle Bédat. "On medieval pontifical gloves and glove medallions and wristbands found in France," In [Archäologische Textilfunde/Archaeological Textiles] NESAT IX. ed. Antoinette Rast-Eicher and Renata Windler, p. 159-165. Ennenda: Archeo Tex, 2007. ISBN 978-3-033-01267-7.

English; Includes a closer image of the cuff of Pierre de Courpalay's left glove (the one in the Cluny). Also includes diagrams of the patterned simple looping therein and the similar patterned simple looping with carried thread in the relic pouch from Namur.

d’Harcourt, Raoul. Les textiles anciens du Pérou et leurs techniques. Paris: Musée du quai Branly, 2008. ISBN 978-2-0812-1290-9

French; This is a facsimile of the 1934 printing. Includes a large section on the figures done in "loop stitch" on the Paracas Textile and some other items from Peru between 200 BC – 200 AD. The images are clearer than in the 2002 republication of the 1962 English edition. Includes an octuply intralaced four pass stitch, the doubly intralaced hourglass stitch, Simple Looping, Simple Looping with Carried Thread, Cross-Knit Looping, Loop & Twist, and UU/OOU B2.

d’Harcourt, Raoul. Textiles of Ancient Peru and their Techniques. Translated by Sadie Brown. Edited by Grace G. Denny and Carolyn M. Osborne. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1962. No ISBN.

English; A translation with revisions and additional material of *Les textiles anciens du Pérou et leurs techniques* in Paris in 1934. Includes a large section on the figures done in "loop stitch" on the Paracas Textile and some other items from Peru between 200 BC – 200 AD.

English; Second printing (paper) of the work originally published in 1962 by the University of Washington Press, Seattle and London. A translation with revisions and additional material of *Les textiles anciens du Pérou et leurs techniques* in Paris in 1934. Includes a large section on the figures done in "loop stitch" on the Paracas Textile and some other items from Peru between 200 BC – 200 AD.

d’Harcourt, Raoul. Textiles of Ancient Peru and their Techniques. trans. by Sadie Brown, ed. by Grace G. Denny and Carolyn M. Osborne. Mineola: Dover Publications, Inc, 2002. ISBN 0-486-42172-4.

English; Unabridged republication of the work originally published in 1962 by the University of Washington Press, Seattle and London. A translation with revisions and additional material of *Les textiles anciens du Pérou et leurs techniques* in Paris in 1934. Includes a large section on the figures done in "loop stitch" on the Paracas Textile and some other items from Peru between 200 BC – 200 AD.

Downey, Gail, and Henry Conway. Knit Couture: 20 Hand-Knit Designs from Runway to Reality. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2008. ISBN: 0-312-37580-8.

English; Recognizes that the Dura-Europos fragments are nalbound, but calls nalbinding the technique of knitting with one needle and a forerunner of modern knitting. Includes a nice photo of one of the pair of red socks at the V&A prior to conservation mounting.

Dransart, Penelope, and Helen Wolfe. Textiles from the Andes. Northampton, Mass: Interlink Books, 2012. ISBN: 978-1-56656-859-3.

English; Peruvian and Andean textiles in the collection of the British Museum dating from the Paracas period, 200 BC, the late 18th century. Includes items of simple looping and cross-knit looping. Beautiful color photos and some very nice extreme close-ups.

Drew Bear, M., DARMC, R. Talbert, Sean Gillies, Johan Åhlfeldt, Jeffrey Becker, and Tom Elliott, "Antinoopolis: a Pleiades place resource," in Pleiades: A Gazetteer of Past Places, Last modified Sep 01, 2017 10:59 PM. Accessed on June 21, 2019. https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/756518

English; Does not contain any information regarding nalbinding. However, is extremely useful for locating ancient place names in Egypt. This particular one is set on Antinoopolis. All content in Pleiades: A Gazetteer of Past Places is distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution license (cc-by).

Drooker, Penelope Ballard. Mississippian Village Textiles at Wickliffe. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1992. ISBN: 0-8173-0592-0. E-book version: Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 2012. http://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1047511

English; Only the briefest mention of looping used for leggings by the Pueblos peoples before contact.

Drooker, Penelope B., and Laurie D. Webster. Beyond Cloth and Cordage Archaeological Textile Research in the Americas. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2000.ISBN: 0-87480-662-3.

English; Contains brief mentions of looping in the Beckum Village finds in Alabama and in the Hopewell mounds.

Dubuisson, Marguerite. “La bonneterie au Moyen Âge” in The Bulletin of the Needle and Bobbin Club, Vol. 52, No. 1 & 2. Needle and Bobbin Club, 1969. Pgs. 34-45.

French; Contains discussion of early knitting as well as pictures of three 12th century nalbound socks from the Belozersk region in Russia, a 14th century mitten from Novgorod, and the early 14th century handcovering from Burgos, Spain (miss-identified as tricoté and 13th century).

Dyer, Joanne, Diego Tamburini, Elisabeth R. O’Connell, and Anna Harrison. "A multispectral imaging approach integrated into the study of Late Antique textiles from Egypt." in PLoS ONE 13(10): e0204699 (October 4, 2018). Accessed November 17, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204699

English; Contains pictures of the colorful child's sock in the British Museum under multiple spectrums of light and discusses the protocols of using multispectral imaging to assist with dye analysis of textiles.

Ekre, Rune, Carl Hylander, and Rolf Sundberg. Lödösefynd: ting från en medeltidsstad. Lödöse: Stödfören. för Lödöse museum, 1994. ISBN 91-630-2453-5.

Swedish; Contains a picture of the 12th century mitten from Lödöse. Contains photos of lots of other interesting material culture finds as well. Text in Swedish. Photo captions in both Swedish and English.

Emery, Irene. Primary Structures of Fabrics: An Illustrated Classification. New York: Watson-Guptill, 1995. ISBN 0-8230-4394-0

English; First published in 1966. In 1980 it was reissued with some brief changes in the text and captions. This edition is a reprint of the 1980 version with a new dust cover. The book is a descriptive classification of fabric structures. Attempts to provide a basic vocabulary of essential terms to classify fabrics by their structure, not technique.

Esposito, Anna Maria, and Maria Cristina Guidotti. National Archaeological Museum: The Official Guide. Florence: Giunti, 1999. ISBN 88-09-01347-6

English; Handheld museum catalog. Includes a picture of the child`s sock from Antinoe now in the National Archaeological Museum in Florence.

Explore Fayoum. "UNEXPECTED TREASURES 30 YEARS OF EXCAVATIONS IN UM EL BURIGAT (TEPTYNIS) AT CAIRO MUSEUM." Cultural Heritage of the Fayoum. Published April 16, 2019. https://fayoumegypt.com/unexpected-treasures-30-years-of-excavations-in-um-el-burigat-teptynis-at-cairo-museum/. Accessed May 24, 2019.

English; Blog post with pictures of the exhibition, including a cross-knit variant sock.

Faber, Paul, Sonja Wijs, and Daan Van Dartel. Africa at the Tropenmuseum. Amsterdam: KIT Publishers, 2011. ISBN 978-9460221194

English; Includes a photograph of a Salampasu culture mask with simple looping and a photograph of one of the six Congalese Prestige Capes (Shoulder capes) in their collection. Three are made of pineapple fibers and three of cotton.

Felix, Marc Leo, ed. Congo Masks: Masterpieces from Central Africa: a Book and Catalogue. 2018. ISBN 9780300238754

English; A beautifully photographed book showing both masks and masque costumes with simple looping from various cultural regions in the Democratic Republic of Congo and some surrounding regions. Includes photographs of the masks and costumes in use from both the early 1900's and 1950's as well as more current photographs.

Finch, Karen; Summary in English of; Åsle Vanten: Description and Pattern; by Lundwall, Eva & Nockert, Margreta; Riksantikvarieämbetets Textilsektion, Stockholm, 1982.

English; A description of the Åsle mitten including a supposed # of stitches per row pattern that is not correct (at least in the finger area). However it does include information on how the fringe was made.

Fluck, Cäcilia, Gisela Helmecke, Elisabeth R. O’Connell, and Elisabeth Ehler ed. Egypt: Faith After the Pharaohs. London: British Museum, 2015. ISBN 978-0-7141-5114-4.

English; Includes an image of the multi-colored cross-knit variant child's sock in the British Museum, EA 53913. Caption mentions it was found with a sandal.

Fluck, Cäcilia, and Kathrin Mälck. "Radiocarbon analysed textiles in the Skulpturensammlung und Museum für Byzantinische Kunst, Berlin" in Methods of dating ancient textiles of the 1st millennium AD from Egypt and neighbouring countries : proceedings of the 4th meeting of the study group ‘Textiles from the Nile Valley’, Antwerp, 16-17 April 2005, edited by Antoine De Moor and Cäcilia Fluck, 150-165. Tielt (Belgium): Lannoo Publishers, 2007. ISBN 9789020970982.

English; Includes an image of the red woolen hat with blue and yellow stranded cross-knit looping tube before the tassel. Provides corrected dating based on radiocarbon dating results and corrected find location.

Flury-Lemberg, Mechthild. "Notizen zur Reliquie des heiligen Bernhard von Clairvaux in der ehemaligen Klosterkirche von Niederwerth." Sancta Treveris Beiträge zu Kirchenbau und bildender Kunst im alten Erzbistum Trier ; Festschrift für Franz J. Ronig zum 70. Geburtstag. Edited by Michael Embach, Christoph Gerhardt, Wolfgang Schmid, Annette Schommers, and Hans-Walter Stork. Trier: Paulinus, 1999. 127-136. ISBN 3-7902-0200-2.

German; Includes beautiful photos of the sacramental niche in which the hat is located and the shrine box as well as both the front and reverse side of the hat fragment itself with a close up of the silk edging.

Frazén, Anne Marie; ‘En medeltida socka i nålning’ in Uppland: årsbok; Upplands fornminnesforening; 1963; pgs. 38-47.

Swedish; Discusses the sock found in Uppsala made using the UOO/UUOO variant, dating to the Late Middle Ages. Includes many good photos of the sock, some needles, and a sock from Söderköping from the Middle Ages along with a mitten of much more recent origin.

Frazén, Mari-Louise; email correspondence; 07 July 2000.

Flury-v. Bültzingslöwen, Regina, and Dr. Edgar Lehmann. "Nichtgewebte Textilien vor 1400 / IX. Teil." Wirkerei- und Strickerei- Technik: Fachzeitschrift für die Fabrikationspraxis und Betriebstechnik der Wirkerei- und Strickerei-Industrie 1955 (5): 38-41.

German; Includes some of the only published photographs of the Coptic nalbound socks in the Museum der Kulturen, Basel, collection.

Gagneux-Granade, Marguerite. L’Homme et les Mailles: histoire critique des mailles textiles : filets, réseaux, tricot, crochet. Bordeaux: Éditions INsensées, 2016. ISBN 978-2-9558095-0-1.

French; Chapter 3 covers the nalbound objects: The socks from Utah, Bilum, Urumchi Beret, Peruvian bags and figural work, Pierre de Courtalay's gloves, the bag from Namur, Maria d'Aragon's handcovering from Burgos, the Egyptian socks in Nantes, Lyon, Louvre, Petrie Museum, V&amp;A Museum, Kateon Natie's radio carbon dating, Royal Ontario Museum, Dura Europos, Mons Claudianus, Masada, Hubei, Central African contemporary hats, Asle mitten, MAK, Florence, Finland, Delemont, York, etc. Includes badly reproduced photographs taken by the author during her examinations, thus not available elsewhere. Also includes a chapter on knitting with such photographs.

Gagneux-Granade, Marguerite, and Anastasia Ozoline. "Quelques objets surprenants en textile non tissé dans les réserves du musée Bénaki" in ΜΟΥΣΕΙΟ ΜΠΕΝΑΚΗ 9, 2009 (Athens 2010): 99-111. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/benaki.13

French; Analysis of a nalbound glove in the Benaki Museum. Includes comparables with the Coppergate sock, Schinnerer's diagrams of the sock in the MAK, and a drawing of the mitten in Iceland. Also includes a photo of one of the pairs of Coptic socks in the Musée Dobrée.

Gagneux-Granade, Marguerite, and Anastasia Ozoline. "Quelques objets surprenants en textile non tissé dans les réserves du musée Bénaki" in ΜΟΥΣΕΙΟ ΜΠΕΝΑΚΗ 8, 2008: 123-135. Accessed November 10, 2019. https://www.benaki.org/images/researches/pdf/gagneux-ozoline.pdf.

French; Appears to be exactly the same article as that in ΜΟΥΣΕΙΟ ΜΠΕΝΑΚΗ 9, 2009. However, the imagery is of slightly lesser resolution.

Gallazzi, Claudio, and Gisèle Hadji-Minaglou. Trésors inattendus: 30 ans de fouilles et de coopération à Tebtynis (Fayoum): Le Caire, Musée égyptien 4 février – 4 avril 2019. 2019. ISBN 978-2-7247-0747-2.

French; Includes a catalog entry, 136, for the cross-knit variant sock found in Tebtynis. Image shows mostly the ankle and heel/heel cup remaining with a small portion of the instep.

Garnier, Nicolas ed. Twisting Knowledge and Emotions: Modern Bilums of Papua New Guinea. [Port Moresby]: Alliance française de Port Moresby, University of Paupua New Guinea, 2009. ISBN 978-9980-84-859-8

English; A visual catalog of various styles of patterning in modern day bilums combined with short poems and essays on the meaning of bilums to scholars and non-scholars of Papua New Guinea. Does not include any information on structure or technique details.

Gauslaa, Torbjørg; ‘Nålbinding’ in Norsk Husflid Vol. 3, 1976; pgs. 4-14.

Norwegian; Includes a short history of nalbinding and instructions, with pictures, for variant UOOO/UUUOO F2. Has a picture of the mitten from Oslo’s Old Town c 1100’s.

Gayet, Albert. Le costume en Egypte du IIIe au XIIIe siècle Palais du costume, Exposition Universelle de 1900. Paris: E. Leroux, 1900. https://archive.org/stream/lecostumeenegyp00frangoog#page/n112/mode/1up Accessed January 1, 2020.

French; Contains a drawing of a sock from Deir el-dyk that is extremely similar to the sock in the British Museum and the one in the Museum der Kulturen, Basel.

Geijer, Agnes; Birka III: Die Textilfunde aus den Gräbern; Kungl. Vitterhets Historie och Antikvitets Akademien; Uppsala, 1938.

German; Describes a type of embroidery that appears to be buttonhole/blanket stitch and occasionally used detached from other backgrounds. She calls it Ösenstich. It is necessary to note that although at one time a German term for the structural equivalent of the blanket stitch variant of nalbinding appears to be Schlingenstich, what Geijer refers to as Schlingenstich in this article is very definitely not nalbinding.

Geijer, Agnes; ‘The Textile Finds from Birka’ in Cloth and Clothing in Medieval Europe: Essays in Memory of Professor E. M. Carus-Wilson, (Pasold Studies in Textile History 2); ed. N. B. Harte & K. G. Ponting; Heinemann Educational Books, The Pasold Research Fund Ltd., 1983; pgs. 80-99; ISBN 0-435-32382-2.

English; Content basically as above but in English. She suggests translating Ösenstich as ”reverse chain-stitch”.

Geijer, Agnes; ‘The Textile Finds from Birka: Birka III, Die Textilfunde aus den Gräbern, revised by author’ in Acta Archaeologica Vol. 50 – 1979, København, 1980; pgs. 209-222.

English; Similar content as above.

Gillow, John. African Textiles: Color and Creativity Across a Continent: with 585 Illustrations, 572 in Color. New York, New York: Thames & Hudson Inc., 2016. ISBN 978-0-500-29221-1

English; Includes information on the Crocheted and Feathered Hats of Cameroon. Some of the hats are made using crochet, but others are nalbound. The book states they are made using either crochet or basketry.

Ginsburg, Madeleine, ed. The Illustrated History of Textiles. London: Studio Editions, 1995. Page 148. ISBN 1-85170-446-9.

English; Contains a color image of one of the red pair of cross-knit variant socks in the V&amp;A prior to conservation mounting. Also printed in 1991 &amp; 1993.

Gómez-Moreno, Manuel. El panteón real de las Huelgas de Burgos. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas: Instituto Diego Velázquez, Madrid, 1946. No ISBN.

Spanish; Contains photos and a brief description of a nalbound mitten belonging to María de Aragón, daughter of Jaime II, le sobrevivía en 1331. This attribution has been since questioned. The main part  of the mitten is worked in a sort of patterned buttonhole stitch.

Gramsch, Bernhard and Klaus Kloss. ‘Excavations near Friesack: an Early Mesolithic Marshland Site in the Northern Plain of Central Europe’ in The Mesolithic in Europe: Papers Presented at the Third International Symposium, Edinburgh 1985. Edited by Clive Bonsall. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers, 1990. ISBN 0-85976-205-X

English; Includes a photograph of the Friesack "fragments of a net made of plant fibers" each Loop & Twist being separate and not connected.

Grass, Milton; ‘The Origins of the Art of Knitting’ in Archaeology Vol 8 No. 3 Autumn (Sept.) 1955; pgs. 184-190.

English; Incorrectly identifies the Dura-Europos fragment and the 3rd-6th cent Egyptian socks as knitting. Does have some nice pictures.

Guernsey, Samuel James and Alfred Vincent Kidder. "Basket-maker caves of northeastern Arizona; report on the explorations, 1916-17." in Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Vol. VIII, No. 2. Cambridge, Mass.: The Museum, 1921. Reprinted by Kraus Reprint Corporation, 1967. Accessed on 12 January 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31970005196354

English; Photograph on page 335 of the pdf linked above. Refers to Basket-maker culture coiled netting (coiled without foundation) in White Dog Cave, Arizona. More details on page 357 of the pdf. Mentions other coiled netting in an earlier publication of their finds.

Gustafsson, Jan Helmer, and Ola Ehn. Kransen: ett medeltida kvarter i Uppsala. Uppsala: Upplands fornminnesfören, 1984. ISBN 91-85618-21-7.

Swedish; Includes a black and white photo of the 1300`s nalbound wool fragment.

Gustafsson, Kerstin. Gamla Textila Tekniker I Ull. Helsingborg: Kerstin Gustafsson och LTs Forlag, 1990. pgs, 17-37, 114. ISBN 91-36-02703-0.

Swedish; Provides a brief introduction to nalbinding and its history. Includes instructions, with diagrams, for the UOOO/UUUOO F2, UUUOOO/UUUOOOO F2, UOU/OUOO F2, U(U)O/UO:UOO F1+1, U/OO, and simple looping (buttonhole/blanket) variants.

Haakinsdotter, Elsa (Ruth Decker); ‘Numerical breakdown for hats’; unpublished, 1998.

Decker, Ruth; email coorespondence; cites Paths towards a Stratified Society by Ingegerd Sarlvik in the series Stockholm Studies in Archaeology; Spring 2000.

Decker, Ruth; email coorespondence; ‘How to shape a hat, by the numbers’; Spring 2000.

Hald, Margrethe. Ancient Danish Textiles from Bogs And Burials: A Comparative Study of Costume and Iron Age Textiles. Publications of The National Museum of Denmark; Archaeological Historical Series XXI. Translated by Jean Olsen. Copenhagen: Fyens Stiftsbogtrykkeri, Copenhagen, 1980. ISBN 87-480-0312-3.

English; Provides a classification system for nalbinding or "looped needle netting."  Gives a history of nalbinding describing many items. Provides pictures, instructions, and more often diagrams for many variations. The simple variants are included under the 'sewing and embroidery' and 'mesh stitch' categories. Good intro book. Now available online as part of the Margrethe Hald Archive published by the Centre for Textile Research: https://ctr.hum.ku.dk/research-programmes-and-projects/previous-programmes-and-projects/the-margrethe-hald-archive-digitalization-and-dissemination/

Hald, Margrethe. "Vötturin fra Arnheidar-Stödum" in Arbok Hins islenzka fornleifafélags, 50. årgang, 1949-1950, Island, pgs. 73-78 ISSN 0256-8462.

Icelandic; Includes Hald's stitch determination for the mitten in Iceland and information regarding how the dating was determined (on basis of jewelry found nearby).

Hald, Margrethe. "Lundavanten" in Kulturen: en årsbok till medlemmarna av kulturhistoriska foreningen for södra Sverige. Kulturhistoriska foreningen, 1945. Pgs. 80-83.

Danish; Describes a Middle Ages mitten from Lund. Gives diagram of UO/UOO F1.

Hansen, Egon H.; ‘Nalebinding: definition and description’ in Textiles in Northern Archaeology, Textile Symposium in York, North European Symposium for Archaeological Textiles Monograph 3, NESAT III; London Archetype Publications, 1990; pgs. 21-27; ISBN 1-873132-05-0.

English; Provides a classification system for nalbinding and a proposed definition. Includes structural pictures for a number of variants.

Hansen, Egon H.; ‘Nålebinding og brikvævning fra Mammengraven: Mammenhøvding eller kvide?’ in Mammen : Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid; ed. Mette Iversen; Jysk Arkæologisk Selskabs Skrifter XXVIII, 1991; pgs. 145-148; ISBN 87-7288-571-8; ISSN 0107-2854.

Danish; Describes the Mammen Pennants. Classifications appears to be backwards, i.e. seen from the other side.

Harris, Jennifer ed.; Textiles, 5,000 Years: an international history and illustrated survey; © The Trustees of the British Museum; Harry N. Abrams, Inc., New York, 1993; pg. 48.

English; Has a nice color picture of a 2nd cent. AD sock from Egypt and includes part of Burnham’s diagram for ’crossed-loop knitting’. This book does recognize it is not Knitting.

Hartley, Marie, Joan Ingilby, and Penelope Lister Hemingway. The Old Hand-Knitters of the Dales: With an Introduction to the Early History of Knitting. 2014. ISBN 978-1-937513-26-9

English; Reprint of the 1951 publication with a new foreword & pattern by Penelope Lister Hemingway. Brief mention of coiling or half-knot work and Vantsöm. Mentions the "Coptic" socks from Egypt and the figural work of Peru, but incorrectly identifies them as worked in the knitting technique. Given the date of this work, that is not surprising.

Heel, Maria Lind. Nålbinding: Julen `12 – Sådan gør du Self published, 2012. http://naalebinding.blogspot.com

Danish; 14 page pamphlet showing a simple looped spiral round start and giving patterns for Christmas balls, Present cone ornaments, Nisse hat, and a ring garland.

Hegedus, Lou. "Ancient Laundry: Cleaning Pre-Columbian Textiles" in Piecework, Volume I, Number 2 (September/October 1993): 36-38. Loveland, CO: Interweave Press, Inc., 1993. ISSN 1067-2249.

English; Includes photographs of a face with hair, dancing figures with fans, and a bird strand all from a private collection.

Hemingway, Penelope. "Nålebinding: A Short History of an Ancient Craft" in Spin Off Volume XLIII No. 2, Summer 2019. Interweave. pgs. 80-83.

English; Brief description of the history of nalbinding. Contains several mistakes. Includes a photo of the milk strainer at the Vesterheim Norwegian-American Museum.

Hemingway, Penelope. "Nålebinding Basics: Oslo Stitch" in Spin Off Volume XLIII No. 2, Summer 2019. Interweave. pgs. 84-87.

English; Short instructions with pictures for the Oslo stitch F1 and brief instructions for a needle pouch worked in the round.

Henshall, Audrey. “Early Textiles Found in Scotland”. Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Volume 86 (November 30, 1952): Pgs 1-29. Accessed December 29, 2020. http://soas.is.ed.ac.uk/index.php/psas/article/view/8405.

English; Includes stitch diagram and picture of the 1780 Scottish booties stating they are nalbound. However, the stitch as diagramed is of slip stitch crochet, as are the booties.

Herget, Melanie ed. Des Kaisers letzte Kleider: neue Forschungen zu den organischen Funden aus den Herrschergräbern im Dom zu Speyer. [Begleitbuch zur Ausstellung "Des Kaisers letzte Kleider – Rettung der organischen Funde aus den Kaiser- und Königsgräbern im Dom zu Speyer" im Historischen Museum der Pfalz, Speyer, 10. April bis 30. Oktober 2011]. München: Ed. Minerva, 2011. ISBN 978-3-938832-61-5

German; Page 89 includes a picture of Kaiser Heinrichs III's glove.

Hilton Price, Frederick George. A Catalogue of the Egyptian Antiquities in the Possession of F.G. Hilton Price. London: B. Quaritch, 1897. Page 14 (page 36 of the scan), Number 89. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/16500440.html (BW scan) or http://dlib.nyu.edu/awdl/sites/dl-pa.home.nyu.edu.awdl/files/catalogueofegypt00pric/catalogueofegypt00pric.pdf (Color scan) Both Accessed 9 May 2020.

English; Contains a two line description of the sock now in the National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh: A.1911.315. Refers to it as "knitted."

Hopkins, Heather, and Katrin Kania. Ancient Textiles Modern Science II. Havertown: Oxbow Books, Limited, 2018. ISBN 978-1-78925-120-3

English; Contains two articles that discuss nalbinding or nalbound structures: "On the terminology of non-woven textile structures and techniques, and why it matters" by Ruth Gilbert and " A new notation system for nålbinding stitches" by Harma Piening.

Hoskins, Nancy Arthur; Universal Stitches for weaving, embroidery, and other fiber arts; distributed by the University of Washington Press, Seattle and London; Skein Publications, Eugene, OR, 1982, second printing 1985; ISBN 0-295-96274-7; Library of Congress Catalog Card number 82-80789.

English; Includes diagrams for a number of buttonhole variants and a picture of a Nazca (c 0-200AD) necklace sized ceremonial circlet of birds and flowers.

Hutchinson, Elaine; ‘Nalebinding: the history origins, construction and use of ‘needle-binding’ with specific reference to the ‘Coopergate sock’’; May 1992; Regia Anglorum Publications, 1995; http://www.regia.org/naalbind.htm.

English; While focusing primarily on the Coppergate sock it aslo includes some history.

Joseph, Marjory L.; Introductory Textile Science: Second Edition; Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., USA, 1966, 1972; ISBN 0-03-086679-0; Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 70-171525.

English; Includes a table of: coiling (simple loop), (figure-of-eight stitch), (simple loop with knitting effect), coiling with foundation, and Vantsöm (half knot) which doesn’t look like any vantsöm I’ve seen.

Kania, Katrin. Kleidung im Mittelalter: Materialien, Konstruktion, Nähtechnik : Ein Handbuch. Köln: Böhlau Verlag, 2010. ISBN: 978-3-412-20482-2.

German: Page 398 has information on the Uppsala sock and the Söderköping sock with small black and white photos.

Karp, Cary. "Evolution in Early Crochet: From Flat-Hook Knitting to Slip-Stitch Crochet" in Piecework Volume XXVIII, Number 4 (Winter 2020): 46-51. Ft Collins, CO: Long Thread Media LLC, 2020. ISSN: 1067-2249.

English: Includes a beautiful photo of the 1780 slip-stitch crochet booties that Audrey Henshall misidentied as nalbound in Early Textiles found in Scotland published in 1952.

片岡, 淳 [Kataoka, Jun]. "イランの編み靴「ギーヴェ」の製法について [Making of the traditional “Giveh" shoe in Iran]" in 琉球大学教育学部紀要 82 [Bulletin of Faculty of Education University of the Ryukyus 82] (March 2003): 89-97. Accessed December 5, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12000/26597 ISSN: 1345-3319

Japanese: Includes one diagram of a stitch used in traditional Iranian Giveh. (Diagram is inconsistent.) Article includes images that show that there are more than just one variant used.

Kaukonen, Toini-Inkeri; ‘Kinnasompelun levinneisyys ja tyotavat Suomessa’ in Suomen museo, Vol. 67; Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistys, Helsinki, 1960; pgs. 44-73.

Finnish; Discusses nalbinding in Finland. Includes photos of several pieces, both old and modern. Includes diagrams of a number of variants. Has a summary in German.

Kaukonen, Toini-Inkeri; Suomalaiset kansanpuvut ja kansallispuvut; WSOY; Werner Söderström, Osakeyhtiö, Porvoo, Helsinki, Juva, 1985; pgs. 93-99, 366; ISBN 951-0-12794-9; Title translated as ”Finnish Folk Costumes and Present-Day use of ’National Dresses’”.

Finnish; Includes a brief section on nalbinding.

Keller, Karl-Fredrik, and Erik Schia. Middelalderbyen i Oslo: en rekonstruksjon. Oslo: Keller/Nagelhus, 2004. ISBN 82-91455-00-7

Norwegian; Includes an image of the Oslo mitten.

Kendrick, A. F. Catalogue of Textiles From Burying-Grounds in Egypt: Vol. II. Period of Transition and of Christian Emblems. Victoria and Albert Museum, Department of Textiles. London: Publ. under the Authority of His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1921. No ISBN.

English; Catalogs incorrectly as knitting some Egyptian socks from 4th –5th cent. AD.

Kent, Kate Peck. Prehistoric Textiles of the Southwest. Santa Fe, N.M.: School of American Research, 1983. ISBN 0-8263-0591-1.

English; The section on Non-Loom Single Element fabrics contains diagrams and photgraphs of simple looping and loop & twist artifacts. The catalog in the appendix lists multiple looped fabrics with their find locations. Includes photos of two of the socks.

Kent, Kate Peck. Pueblo Indian Textiles: A Living Tradition. Sante Fe, N.M.: School of American Research Press, 1983. ISBN 0-933452-08-X.

English; Doesn't really discuss the non-wovens much. Does include a photo of one of the shoe-socks and a very nice picture of the full width of the interlinked sprang shirt.

Kiewe, Heinz Edgar. Textile Design Anthropology: History of Knitting: Is It Earlier Than Weaving? First Exhibition. Oxford: Art Needlework Industries, 1976. No ISBN

English; The research is dated and focused on knitting, but includes some interesting information on the African ceremonial garments.

King, Mary Elizabeth. Ancient Peruvian Textiles from the Collection of the Textile Museum Washington D.C. The Museum of Primitive Art New York. Introduction and notes by King. New York: The Museum of Primitive Ar, 1965. Library of Congress CCN: 65-28305.

English; Includes a picture of one item borders using simple and cross-knit looping variants from the proto- or early- Nazca time frame.

King, Mary Elizabeth; Textiles and Basketry of the Paracas Period, Ica Valley, Peru; reprinted from DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS, Vol. 26, No. 3; University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1965.

English; A Ph.D. dissertation which includes numerous catalog entries for items made in, or embellished with, simple and cross-knit variants. Of greatest interest are the animal figurines and the shirts.

King, Mary Elizabeth; Textiles and Basketry of the Paracas Period, Ica Valley, Peru; reprinted from DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS, Vol. 26, No. 3; University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1965.

English; A Ph.D. dissertation which includes numerous catalog entries for items made in, or embellished with, simple and cross-knit variants. Of greatest interest are the animal figurines and the shirts.

Kitamura, Keiko (北村系子) and Hiroko Matsubara Brännholm (マツバラヒロコ). はじめてのノールビンドニング = A Nålbindning guide for beginners: 縫うように編む, 北欧伝統の手仕事 / Hajimete no norubindoningu : Nu yoni amu hokuo dento no teshigoto. : グラフィック社 Gurafikkusha, 2017. ISBN 978-4-7661-3051-5

Japanese; An excellent instruction manual with multiple projects. The pictures and diagrams included are clear enough to follow without being able to read Japanese. Includes some English captions.

Kissel, Mary Lois; ‘Basketry of the Papago and Pima’ in the Anthropological Papers of The American Museum of Natural History, Vol. XVII, Part IV; by order of the trustees of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, 1916.

English; Includes description, pictures, and diagrams of ”lace coiling” as used by the Papago and Pima tribes found in Southern Arizona.

Knaller, Regina. ""Coptic Textiles" – Techniques and Conservation" in Heritage conservation and research in India: 60 years of Indo-Austrian collaboration. By Gabriela Krist and Tatjana Bayerová. Wien: Böhlau, 2010. ISBN 978-3-205-78561-3.

English; Includes extremely brief mentions of Coptic knitting which it defines as "a special type of the method of the today`s knitting."

Köstner, Barbara. "Roman and Late Roman nalbinding socks from Egypt: Bringing ‘Egyptian fashion’ to the North" in Excavating, analysing, reconstructing Textiles of the 1st millennium AD from Egypt and neighbouring countries: Proceeding of the 9th conference of the research group ‘Textiles from the Nile Valley’ Antwerp, 27-29 November 2015, edited by Antoine De Moor, Cäcilia Fluck, and Petra Linscheid. Tielt, Belgium: Lannoo Publishers, 2017. ISBN 978 94 014 4399 9.

English; Includes multiple pictures of cross-knit variant socks. Particularly those in the ROM. Includes the best printed catalog listing of extant Egyptian socks. Does not include the compound variants, but does address some in the text/captions.

Köstner, Barbara. "Wearing socks in sandals: The height of Roman fashion?" in Small Finds & Ancient Social Practices in the Northwest Provinces of the Roman Empire edited by Stefanie Hoss and Alissa Whitmore. Oxford & Philadelphia: Oxbow Books, 2016. Pages 16-27. ISBN 978-1-78570-256-3.

English; Includes several woven socks, carvings and paintings, and the pair of children's socks in the Phoebus Foundation collection in Antwerp and the Red adult pair in the V&amp;A.

Kublo, E. K. "The Production of Textiles in Novgorod from the 10th to the 14th Centuries" in The Archaeology of Medieval Novgorod in Context: Studies in Centre/Periphery Relations. By Mark A. Brisbane, Nikolaj Andreevič Makarov, Evgenij Nikolaevič Nosov, and Katherine Judelson. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2012. Pages 224-258. ISBN 978-1-84217-278-0.

English; Mentions that there are 14 looped finds including the pictured mitten (undated), 14th century unsole, and 12th century cap or helmet. Provides example of two variants, an upside down OU/OUU and an inconsistantly stitched UUOOUU/OOUUOOO, as being the ones used in medieval Novgorod. Noting only the simpler one is still used today. The book comes with a CD.

Künti, Monika, and photograps by Samuel Künti. Einhängen et verschlingen: Maschenbildung mit vorangeführtem Fadenende. Bern: Haupt, 2014. ISBN 978-3-258-60079-6

German; Tries to define looped structures, but approaches from a basketry perspective. Includes a photograph of the Feldmeilen net, the Egyptian sock in Dublin, several bags and armor from the Gran Chaco in Paraguay, simple looping bags of Ecuador, Australian dilly bags, Bilums of Papua New-Guinea, Nigerian ceremonial garment, hats from Cameroon, some Heian period shoes from Japan, bag from Yunnan, China, Iranian giveh. Includes instructions and projects.

LaGamma, Alisa, ed. Kongo: Power and Majesty. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2016. ISBN 978-1-58839-575-7

English; Includes beautiful photographs of two prestige capes (called Nkutu in this book) of the Kongo peoples. These capes are nalbound using a trebly intraconnected stitch. Also includes several Mpu prestige caps which are mostly knotted, but can have some nalbinding on them.

Lafontaine-Dosogne, Jacqueline, and Daniel De Jonghe. Textiles coptes, des Musées Royaux d’Art et d’Histoire. Bruxelles: Les Musées Royaux, 1988. No ISBN

French; Includes  left and right side, blank and white, photos of Tx. 2497, the child's sock from Antinoe in the Musées Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire collection. Book clearly discusses it as knitted, including an open loop knitting diagram. The sock is not open loop knitting.

Lehtosalo-Hilander, Pirkko-Liisa; Ancient Finnish Costumes; The Finnish Archaeological Society, 1984; ISBN 951-99605-4-6;

English; Provides the history of the reconstruction of the Finnish costume and in particular the Eura Constume based on grave finds from the early part of the 11th cent. It briefly mentions the nalbinding found in Grave 56 but refers to it as “sewn mitten technique.”

Lehtosalo-Hilander, Pirkko-Liisa; Luistari I: The Graves; Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistyksen Aikakauskirja Finska Fornminnesföreningens Tidskrift 82:1; Helsinki, 1982; ISBN 951-9056-46-7; ISBN 951-9056-47-5; ISSN 0355-1822; Note bound as one volume with 82:2, 82:3, & 83:1.

English &amp; Finnish; Archaeological findings of the Luistari Cemetary in Eura, Finland dating to the 11th cent. Most important is grave 56 and there are some nice photos of it. There is also a photo of the actual piece of nalbinding, however the variant isn’t mentioned.

Lehtosalo-Hilander, Pirkko-Liisa; Luistari II: The Artefacts; Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistyksen Aikakauskirja Finska Fornminnesföreningens Tidskrift 82:2; Helsinki, 1982; ISBN 951-9056-46-7; ISBN 951-9056-48-3; ISSN 0355-1822; Note bound as one volume with 82:1, 82:3, & 83:1.

English &amp; Finnish; Continued archaeological record. Mentions that Grave 56 is dated to c. 1000-1070 AD and gives mention of other graves from the same time.

Lehtosalo-Hilander, Pirkko-Liisa; Luistari III: A Burial-Ground Reflecting The Finnish Viking Age Society; Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistyksen Aikakauskirja Finska Fornminnesföreningens Tidskrift 82:3; Helsinki, 1982; ISBN 951-9056-46-7; ISBN 951-9056-49-1; ISSN 0355-1822; Note bound as one volume with 82:1, 82:2, & 83:1.

English &amp; Finnish; Cont. from above. Mentions evidence they made ”sewn mittens.”

Leinonen, Kaisa Marika; Neulakinnasperinne Suomessa; Joensuun yliopisto; Savonlinnan Opettajankoulutuslaitos; Pro gradu –tutkielma, Huhtikuu 2000; (Tradition of Nålebinding Mittens in Finland; ?; Savolinna Department of Teacher Education; Master’s Thesis, April 2000); pgs. 1-95; English Abstract; on Microfiche.

Finnish; Discusses the current tradition of nalbinding in Finland today. Mentions that the tradition is best preserved amongst the Carelians. Provides diagrams for UUOO/UUOOO F1, UUOOUU/OOUUOOO F1, and a variant that the intersection point is twisted into a loop before the new thread is drawn through, classified something like UUOO(Udown)O/UUUOOU F1.

Leslie, Catherine Amoroso. Needlework Through History: An Encyclopedia. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-313-33548-8.

English; Includes an entry for "Single Needle Knitting," mentions several find locations in passing, but nothing in depth. Further reading includes the old location of this site.

Levey, S. M. "Illustrations of the History of Knitting Selected from the Collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum" in Textile History, Vol. I No. 2 (December 1969): pgs. 183-205. ed. by K. G. Ponting. Great Britain: David & Charles Ltd., 1969. Also available in the combined Vol 1. Nos 1-3 set published in 1971 as ISBN 0-7153-5166-4.

English; Plate I is a black and white photo and information regarding the pair of red cross-knit looping variant socks in the V&A (pre-conservation). At the time they were considered to be an example of crossed-knitting.

Ligon, Linda C.; ‘The Ubiquitous Loop’ in Piecework Vol. II N. 1, January/February 1994; Interweave Press, 1994; pgs. 64-66.

English; Discusses items made using the simple buttonhole/blanket variant. Has a picture of a Native American sock, a bag, and some other items.

MacKenzie, Maureen Anne. Androgynous Objects: String Bags and Gender in Central New Guinea. Chur: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1991. ISBN 3-7186-5155-6.

English; This is original printing in 1991. Lots of very useful diagrams including methods of working the looping variants, creating the string and adding on lengths, and combinations of various variants in the creation of the bilum bags. Also includes significant information regarding their usage and cultural significance. The photographs are clearer in this edition.

MacKenzie, Maureen Anne. Androgynous Objects: String Bags and Gender in Central New Guinea. 2017. ISBN 978-90-5702-270-8.

English; This is a paperback version printed in 2017. Lots of very useful diagrams including methods of working the looping variants, creating the string and adding on lengths, and combinations of various variants in the creation of the bilum bags. Also includes significant information regarding their usage and cultural significance.

Mallory, J. P., and Victor H. Mair. The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West. London: Thames & Hudson, 2000. p. 214. ISBN 0-500-05101-1.

English; Describes the beret-like hat as nalbinding and another as knitting.

Mair, Victor H. "Ancient Mummies of the Tarim Basin" Expedition Magazine 58.2 (2016): Expedition Magazine. Penn Museum, 2016 Web. 25 Apr 2019 http://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/?p=23790

English; Does not contain any information on the nalbinding. Provided solely as background information on the Tarim mummies.

Manninen, Ilmari; Pohjoisen Karjalan vanhanaikainen talous; historiallisten lähteiden mukaan; Historiallisia tutkimuksia V; Suomen historiallinen seura; Helsinki, 1992.

Finnish; Mentions Russian Mittens but I can’t read it well enough to be sure.

Marian, Carmen. "Archaeological Arguments Concerning the Textile Technologies of Cucuteni Civilization Nalbinding Technique." In Etablissements et habitations préhistoriques, structures, organisation, symbole: actes du colloque de Iaşi, 10-12 décembre 2007. Vol. 9. edited by Vasile Chirica and Mădălin-Cornel Văleanu. INSTITUTD’ARCHEOLOGIE–IAŞI, 2008. pp. 327-334. ISBN 978-606-520-080-7

English; Discusses the imprint of the Simple Looping variant on a Romanian clay vessel.

Martinson, Kate. "Scandinavian Nålbinding; Needle Looped Fabric" in Weaver’s Journal XII, No. 2, Issue 46; Fall 1987. https://www2.cs.arizona.edu/patterns/weaving/periodicals/wj_46.pdf Accessed 11/08/2020.

English; Brief discussion of nalbinding and instructions with diagrams for UOOO/UUUOO F2. Also give brief directions for finishing (fulling) an item.

Mašek, Andrea. "Coole Socke: Ein Hoch auf die Häkelkunst der alten Ägypter." Museum der Kulturen, Basel. Last modified February 1, 2019. https://www.mkb.ch/de/blog/2019/q1/sockenforscher.html Last accessed May 10, 2019.

German &amp; English: The site is in German and thus the header and outer materials, but the interview questions and responses are in English. Anne Marie Decker and Cary Karp were interviewed regarding their January 17, 2019 visit to the Museum der Kulturen Basel depot to examine items in the collection.

Matheson, Susan B. Art for Yale: A History of the Yale University Art Gallery. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Art Gallery, 2001. ISBN 9780894679551.

English: Kept more for the history of the development of the Yale University Art Gallery, Page 163 includes an image of Chokwe Civilization Mwana Pwo Mask of the 20th century Africa that has simple looping.

Mellgren, Nusse. Nålbindning: The Easiest, Clearest Ever Guide! = Nålbindning: Steg För Steg. First Edition. 2005. ISBN 91-631-6552-X.

English & Swedish: Instructions for the Oslo stitch (they call it after the Lund mitten) and the Mammen stitch. Brief discussion of hat construction.

Mellgren, Nusse. Nålbindning: The Easiest, Clearest Ever Guide! = Nålbindning: Steg För Steg. Fourth edition. Riddarhyttan: Scanglas AB, 2017. ISBN 9789163928727.

English & Swedish: Instructions for the Oslo stitch (they call it after the Lund mitten) and the Mammen stitch. Brief discussion of hat & mitten construction with slightly more discussion of how to create a Klaus Brita style heel.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art; Peruvian Textiles, Examples of the Pre-Incaic Period; New York, 1930.

English; Gives a good breakdown of the cultural time frames in Peru. Includes a picture of a neck ornament, humming birds &amp; flowers, made in the cross-knit variant, here called ”knitted.”

Miller, Maureen C. Clothing the Clergy: Virtue and Power in Medieval Europe, C. 800-1200. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2014. ISBN 978-0-8014-7943-4

English; Incorrectly implies that the c. 1200 Pontifical gloves in the Diözesanmuseum Hofburg, Brixen (Bressanone) are nalbound. They are actually open loop knitting as seen clearly in Elizabeth Coatsworth's Clothing the Past.

Müller-Christensen, Sigrid & Kubach, Hans Erich & Stein, Günter; ‘Die Gräber im Königschor’ in Der Dom zu Speyer Vol. 2 (Textband); Hans Erich Kubach and Walter Haas, eds.; Deutscher Kunstverlag, Münich, 1972; ISBN 3-422-00539-0; see also Pict. 1464 in Der Dom zu Speyer Vol. 1 (Bildband) ); Hans Erich Kubach and Walter Haas, eds.; Deutscher Kunstverlag, Münich, 1972; ISBN 3-422-00539-0.

German; The Textband mentions a silk glove fragment, the Bildband has a picture of it, from 1056AD?. The footnote includes mention of a few other items. The Textband also includes catalog mentions of another silk glove/mitten and one linen one.

Müller-Christensen, Sigrid, ed. Sakrale Gewänder des Mittelalters: Ausstellung im Bayerischen Nationalmuseum München, 8. Juli bis 25. September 1955. München: Hirmer Verlag, 1955.

German; Includes in the catalog a linen handcovering from the middle of the 1200’s and a knit glove (picured).

Munksgaard, Elisabeth; ‘Kopien af dragten fra Mammengraven’ in Mammen : Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid; ed. Mette Iversen; Jysk Arkæologisk Selskabs Skrifter XXVIII, 1991; pgs. 151-153; ISBN 87-7288-571-8; ISSN 0107-2854.

Danish; Regarding the replica of the Mammen clothing. Includes pictures of how they think the pennants were worn.

Museo egizio di Firenze, Caterina Chiraelli, and Maria Cristina Guidotti. Abiti copti del Museo egizio di Firenze alla Galleria del costume di Palazzo Pitti. [Livorno?]: Sillabe, 2004. ISBN 88-8347-211-X.

Italian; A six page exhibition brochure with lovely color pictures of the cross-knit looping variant child's sock and the pair of compound nalbound adult socks from Antinoe in the Museo egizio in Florence.

Nahlik, Adam; Tkaniny Wełniane Importowane i Miejscowe Nowogrodu Wielkiego X-XV Wieku; French summary trans. by Jadwiga Packiewizcówna; Zakład Narodowy Imienia Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Wrocław / Warszawa / Kraków, 1964; (No ISBN listed in this rebound book).

Polish; Archaeological work including mention of 9 nalbound fragments found in Novgorod. Gives diagrams and instructions for the UO/UOO variant.

Nargi, Lela. Knitting Around the World: A Multistranded History of a Time-Honored Tradition. Minneapolis: Voyageur Press, 2011. ISBN 9780760337943.

English; Primarily about knitting, it does include a section on nalbinding including several of my images. Yes, those are my thumbs. Also includes an image of a late 18th century Estonian mitten

Nelson, Lila. "Toothbrush Handle Rugs; Nålbinding with Rags" in Weaver’s Journal XII, No. 2, Issue 46; Fall 1987. https://www2.cs.arizona.edu/patterns/weaving/periodicals/wj_46.pdf Accessed 11/08/2020.

English; Discusses the history of Toothbrush rugs in America and their relation to nalbinding in other materials. Includes instructions adapted from the Nebraska Extension Service.

Nockert, Margareta; email correspondence; May 2000.

Nockert, Margareta and Göran Possnert. Att datera textilier. summary trans. by Roger Tanner. Södertälje: Gidlunds Förlag, Fingraf Tryckeri, 2002. ISBN 91-7844-620-1.

Swedish with an English summary; Has the radiocarbon dating of the Åsle mitten and a color photograph.

Nordiska Museet; Swedish Textiles; ed. Emelie von Walterstorff; Victor Pettersons Bokindutriaktiebolag, Stockholm, 1925; pgs. Intro, 81, fig. 228.

English; Includes a brief explanation of ”sewing of mittens,” ’nålning or vantsöm.’ Gives a diagram of UOO/UUOO F1 and a picture of a mitten from Värmland.

Nordland, Odd. Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting. Studia Norvegica no. 10. Oslo: Oslo University Press, 1961. No ISBN listed in Book.

English; Source of the second classification system attempted for nalbinding. Includes numerous pictures of items, primarily 19th century.

Nosch, Marie-Louise, Henriette Koefoed, and Eva Andersson Strand, ed. Textile Production and Consumption in the Ancient Near East: Archaeology, Epigraphy, Iconography. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2013. ISBN 978-1-84217-489-0.

English; Extremely limited mentions of needle worked fabric textiles.

Noever, Peter ed. Verletzliche Beute: spätantike und frühislamische Textilien aus Ägypten = Fragile remnants : Egyptian textiles of late antiquity and early Islam. on the occasion of the "Verletzliche Beute/Fragile remnants exhibition" MAK Vienna, 07.12.2005-05.06.2006 Ostfildern-Ruit: Hatje Cantz, 2005. ISBN 3-7757-1699-8.

German & English; Catalog entry #74 is the compound nalbound sock from Saqqara that was described by Luis Schinnerer in 1895. Includes a color picture.

Nyhlén, Anna-Maja. Hemslöjd – den svenska hemslöjden från 1800-talets slut [1st ed.1968?] (4th ed.1975) s.315-318 ISBN: 91-7114-124-3

Swedish; Primarily an overview of various handicrafts, but does contain a bit about nalbinding in Sweden from late 19th century.

Nylén, Anna-Maja. Swedish Handicraft. trans. Anne-Charlotte Hanes Harvey. Lund: Håkan Ohlssons, 1976. ISBN 91-7114-220-7.

English; Contains some black and white photographs of traditional Swedish nalbinding and diagramatic instructions for Oslo stitch on pgs. 315-318.

O’Connell, Elisabeth R. "John de Monins Johnson’s 1913/14 Egypt Exploration Fund expedition to Antinoupolis (Antinoë)" In Antinoupolis II: Scavi e materiali III, ed. R. Pintaudi, 415–66. Florence: Istituto Papirologico G. Vitelli, 2014.

English; The main body of the article mentions the finds of socks briefly, but the most useful part is the appendix which links up objects from the 1913/14 EEF expedition's distribution to 19 of the 25 institution and includes current museum numbers where known. Thus, the blue sock in the Warrington, the two fragments in the Bolton (which must have come in the Textiles Unsorted box), two of the three cross-knit socks in the British Museum, the striped sock in Leicester, the colored sock at the Ashmolean, the fragment in the Te Papa, the child's sock in Brussels, and the sock in Sydney.

O’Neale, Lila M. and A. L. Kroeber. "Textile Periods in Ancient Peru" in University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol 28, No. 2 (March 6, 1930). Berkley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1930. pgs. 23-56, plates 1-48.

English; Discusses methods and materials across periods as well as stylistic variations. Includes charts on the chonological concordance of periods, fabrics classified according to yarn materials, period variation in technique type, regional preponderances of late techniques, and southern peculiarities irrespective of period. Plates include several examples of simple and cross-knit looping.

O’Neale, Lila M. "Textile Periods in Ancient Peru: II Paracas Caverns and the Grand Necropolis" in University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol 39, No. 2. Berkley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1942. pp. 143-202, plates 1-5. Accessed December 30, 2020. http://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/anthpubs/ucb/text/ucp039-003.pdf

English; Calls simple looping half-hitch coiling without central thread and cross-knit looping knitting, but provides information on finds and frequency by location and period.

Østergård, Else; ‘Textilfragmenterne fra Mammengraven’ in Mammen : Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid; ed. Mette Iversen; Jysk Arkæologisk Selskabs Skrifter XXVIII, 1991; pgs. 123-138; ISBN 87-7288-571-8; ISSN 0107-2854.

Danish;

Overby, Marianne. Nålebinding: Fortidens teknik i nutidens modeller/The technique from the past in designs of today. Copenhagen: Books on Demand, 2014. ISBN 978-87-7145-910-4.

Danish & English; Self published book by the current holder of Egon H. Hansen's notes. Significant grammatical and spelling issues in the English translation. Lack of citations.

Øye, Ingvild; Textile Equipment and its Working Environment, Bryggen in Bergen, c 1150-1500; The Bryggen Papers, Main Series 2; Norwegian University Press, 1988; ISBN 82-00-02537-3.

English;

Pasanen, Mervi. With One Needle – How to Nålbind. Translated by Ulla-Mari Uusitalo. Chronocopia Publishing AB, 2019. ISBN 978-9-1981056-6-7

English; A beautifully illustrated instruction manual. Very light on the history with limited citations. Provides instruction on several stitches with a variety of working methods. Includes patterns for a variety of mittens, socks, scarves, and hats with interesting colorwork and other decorative techniques.

Pedersen, Katherine Vestergård. Nålebinding. Nykøbing Falster: Middelaldercentret, 2003. ISBN 87-987197-9-3.

Danish; Includes several images of extant items. Instructions are for the Oslo stitch and the Klaus Brita style heel. Includes a brief chronological listing of some finds.

Peets, Jüri. "Totenhandschuhe im Bestattungsbrauchtum der Esten und anderen Ostseefinnen." Fennoscandia archaeologica IV, (1987): 105-116. http://www.sarks.fi/fa/PDF/FA4_105.pdf. Last Accessed January 10, 2022.

German; Abstract in English. A review of the 27 archaeological nalbound or knitted mitten finds in Estonia dating from the 12th to the 17th centuries CE. Includes diagrams of two nalbinding stitch variants: Finnish 2+2 F1 (UUOO/UUOOO F1) and Russian 2+2+2 F1 (UUOOUU/OOUUOOO F1). Link to the full volume: http://www.sarks.fi/fa/faiv.html.

Piening, Harma. The ups and downs of Nålbinding, or the what, the why, and the how!. Second version. Self published: Harma Piening, 2015 (links 2016).

English; Includes instructions for several variants all in a manner to help one understand how the stitches are classified and leading up to her Piening`s Practical Nålbinding Notation.

Pink, Anu, Siiri Reimann, and Kristi Jõeste. Estonian Knitting: 1. Traditions and Techniques. Translated by Kait Lubja, and Maret Tamjärv. Türi, Estonia: Saara Publishing House, 2016.

English; Includes photographs of two nalbound items; one full mitten from the late 18th century and a fragment, probably of a sock, circa 15th century. Also includes a diagram of Finnish 2+2 F1 (UUOO/UUOOO F1). Also includes 13-14th century knitting and some 16th century examples. Provides instructions on how to access the public portal of Estonian museums muis.ee.

Pfister, Rudolf and Louisa Bellinger. "The textiles: Knitting," in The excavations at Dura-Europos Final Report IV, Part II. ed. Rostovtzeff, M.I., et al. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1945, 54-5.

English; Includes a knitting pattern attempting to reproduce the patterned Dura-Europos fragment.

Phipps, Elena. The Peruvian Four-Selvaged Cloth: Ancient Threads/New Directions. Fowler Museum Textile Series, No. 12. Los Angeles: Fowler Museum at UCLA, 2014. ISBN: 978-0-98475-505-9.

English; Primarily regarding the woven cloths of Peru including 4-selvedge and discontinuous warp and weft cloths. Page 46-47 has a nice image of on the the cross-knit looping strands of birds sipping from flowers that is in the Fowler Museum. Page 86 has an image of the Paracas Mantle located in the Brooklyn Museum.

Pomar, Rosa. Portuguese Knitting: A Historical & Practical Guide to Traditional Portuguese Techniques, with 20 Inspirational Projects. Kent: Search Press, 2020. ISBN: 978-1-78221-721-3.

English; Only includes the briefest mention of nalbinding stating that no finds of nalbinding have been found in Portugal. Doe include some very interesting early fragments of knitting.

Priest-Dorman, Carolyn; email coorespondence; cites Sakrale Gewander des Mitteralters by Sigrid Muller-Christinsen; 5 Jan. 2000.

Pritchard, Frances. "A survey of textiles in the UK from the 1913-14 Egypt Exploration Fund season at Antinoupolis" in Drawing the Threads Together: Textiles and Footwear of the 1st Millenium AD from Egypt. Proceedings of the 7th Meeting of the Study Group ‘Textiles from the Nile Valley", Antwerp, 7-9 October 2011, edited by Antoine De Moor, Cäcilia Fluck, and Petra Linscheid, 34-55. Tielt: Lannoo, 2013. ISBN 9789401410830.

English; Includes very nice images of the colorful child's sock in the British Museum, EA 53913, and the green ribbed fragment in the Bolton, 26.1914.30, as well as Jon de Monins Johnson's site photograph of 4 socks from the 1913-14 excavations at Antinoupolis. Also mentioned are the sock in Brussels, the one in Leicester, a fragment in Wellington (NZ), the other fragment in the Bolton, the child's baby sock in the Ashmolean, and the brown sock in the British Museum.

Pritchard, Frances. "Aspects of the Wool Textiles from Viking Age Dublin" in Archaeological Textiles in Northern Europe Report from the 4th NESAT Symposium 1. – 5. May 1990 Copenhagen, edited by Lise Bender Jorgensen & Elisabeth Munksgaard, Tidens Tand, Nr. 5, 1992, pages 93-104. Copenhagen: Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi, 1992. ISBN 87-89730-04-6.

English; Includes a black and white photo of the nalbinding fragment found in the excavations of 10th-12th century Dublin.

Pritchard, Frances. "Soft-furnishing textiles from the Egypt Exploration Fund season at Antinoupolis, 1913–14" British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 21 (2014): 45–61. ISSN 2049-5021. https://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/Pritchard.pdf Accessed 10 Nov 2019.

English; Mentions two socks in the British Museum and the sock in the Royal Museum of Art and History, Brussels.

Reichert, Anne. ‘Textile Techniques of the Stone Ages’ in Ancient Textiles, Modern Science: Re-Creating Techniques Through Experiment Proceedings of the First and Second European Textile Forum 2009 and 2010. Edited by Heather Jane Hopkins. Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books, 2013. ISBN 978-1-84217-664-1

English; Shows Loop & Twist and Twined Loop & Twist including theories as to how the Oetzi Iceman's shoes may have been constructed.

Rilly, Claude. The Sudan National Museum in Khartoum: An illustrated guide for visitors. Translated by Solène Marion de Procé. SFDAS 2013 https://sfdas.com/IMG/pdf/livretmuse_etenglight.pdf Accessed January 1, 2020.

English; Does not include any information regarding nalbinding. However, it does provide background regarding the history and archaeological exploration of Sudan.

Rothquist Ericsson, Linnéa, Anita Andersson, Håkan Liby, and Olle Norling. Söma, nåla, binda: nålbundet från Uppland. Uppsala: Upplandsmuseet, 2003. ISBN 91-85 618-72-1.

Swedish; Discusses the tradition of nalbinding in Uppland, including the Uppsala sock (with photograph). Includes instructions for a good number of different stitches. However, almost all the diagrams showing how to do each stitch are exactly the same for all the stitches, so you will need to read the words carefully to determine what differentiates each stitch from the others.

Rowe, Ann Pollard. Looping & Knitting. Washington DC: The Textile Museum, 1997.

English; A short booklet from the exhibition Looping & Knitting, A History (February-July 1997), it includes diagrams of looping and knitting structures.

Rutt, Richard. A History of Hand Knitting. London: B T Batsford Ltd, 1987 ISBN 0713451181: reprinted Loveland, Colorado: Interweave Press, 1989 ISBN 0-934026-35-1, Library of Congress Catalog Number 87-46353; pgs. 8, 9, 23, 28-30, 243, 244.

English; Primarily on the history of hand knitting, Rutt also includes information on structures readily confused with knitting. He includes information regarding the Dura-Europos fragments and Romano-Egyptian socks.

Rybarczyk, Anna. "Fabrics in Medieval Dress in Pomerania" in Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae: From Studies into Ancient Textiles and Clothing fasciculus XXIII. Lódz (Polonia): Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 2010: 53-60. PL ISSN 0860-0007

English; Includes color picture of a fragment of a nalbound mitten from Gdansk, site 1, settlement layer 7. Click on title to access link to the article in the Digital Repository of Scientific Institutes. https://www.rcin.org.pl/dlibra/publication/35561/edition/22988 Also available on Academia.edu at https://www.academia.edu/33346034/Fabrics_in_Medieval_Dress_in_Pomerania_Fasciculi_Archaeologiae_Historicae_fasc._XXIII_2010_s._53-60?source=swp_share both last accessed on 8/1/2020.

Santrot, Marie-Hélène, Marie-Hélène Rutschowscaya, Dominique Bénazeth, and Cécile Giroire. Au fil du Nil: couleurs de l’Égpyte chrétienne; à l’occasion de l’Exposition Au Fil du Nil, Couleurs de l’Égypte Chrétienne; 19 octobre 2001-20 janvier 2002 at the Conseil général de Loire-Atlantique (musée Dobrée). Paris: Somogy éditions d’art, 2001. ISBN: 2-85056-502-4.

French; Contains the images and descriptions of three pairs of cross-knit variant socks found in Gebel Abou Fedah. Catalog entries 27 &amp; 48 (pages 54 &amp; 78). Also includes several images from the conservation of the blue pair and some information therefrom on page 191.

Sawyer, Alan R. Early Nasca Needlework. London: Laurence King in association with Alan Marcuson, 1997. ISBN: 1-85669-088-1.

English; Contains a good number of examples of cross-knit looping from the Nasca culture. Including some that were still in the process of being worked so woven tape around which they were worked is still visible.

Schaedler, Karl-Ferdinand. Weaving in Africa: South of the Sahara. München: Panterra, 1987. ISBN 3-7679-0270-2.

English; Lots of amazing information on weaving. Very little on nalbinding. However, it does include an excellent listing of really early sources on African textiles and a few images including Cameroon hats and Congo Prestige capes.

Schick, Tamar; "Cordage, Basketry and Fabrics" in ‘Antiqot English Series, Vol. XVIII: Nahal Hemar Cave, ed. Ayala Sussmann and Raphael Greenberg. Jerusalem: The Department of Antiquities and Museums in the Ministry of Education and Culture, 1988; pgs. 31-43, Plates XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX. ISSN 0066-488X.

English; Includes images of some of the simple looping fragments and the cross-knit nalbound fragment in the plates. There is also a knotted headdress that is often confused for the fragments of nalbinding.

Schinnerer, Luise. Antike Handarbeiten. Mit einer histor. Einleitung von Alois Riegl. Wien: Waldheim, 1895. [No ISBN]

German; Includes image of one of the cross-knit looping variant socks from Egypt, thought to be knitted at the time, and a photograph and diagrams for the compound nalbound sock now in the MAK. Earliest known diagrams of the particular stitch within a particular artifact. Drawn upside down and backwards from the working direction of the modern craft.

Schmedding, Brigitta; Mittelalterliche Textilien in Kirchen und Klöstern der Schweiz; Schriften der Abegg-Stiftung Bern, Bern, 1978; pg. 99 of a total 325 pgs.; ISBN 3-7272-9682-8.

German;

Schmitt, Lawrence. Lessons in Nålbinding: Edgings and Embellishments: Use a Simple Needle Looping Stitch as Embellishment for Weaving, Knitting or Felting. Cottage Grove, WI: Larry Schmitt, 1995, 2001.

English; Self published 8.5 x 11 stapled pamphlet. Includes instructions for the blanket stitch with thread carried threads as found embroidered on the Skrydstrupfundet.

Schmitt, Lawrence. Lessons in Nålbinding: Lots of Socks. Cottage Grove, WI: Larry Schmitt, 2000.

English; Self published 8.5 x 11 comb bound pamphlet. Includes brief instructions for the Danish stitch, Oslo, Korgen, Brodén's, Dalby, York, Saltdal, Åsle, and Omani stitches and six styles of socks.

Schmitt, Lawrence. Lessons in Nålbinding: Scarves Wimples and more: Creating Rectangular, Tubular, and Möbius Shapes in Needle Looping Techniques. Cottage Grove, WI: Larry Schmitt, 1994, 1996, 1999.

English; Self published 8.5 x 11 stapled pamphlet. Includes brief instructions for Danish stitch F1 O/UO, Oslo stitch F1 UO/UOO, and a mention of Brodén stitch. Diagrams are drawn in a similar manner to European instructions.

Schmitt, Lawrence W. Mittens, Mittens, Mittens! A Nålbinding Mitten Workbook. Lessons in Nålbinding. Cottage Grove, WI: Larry Schmitt, 1997. [No ISBN]

English; Self published 8.5 x 11 stapled pamphlet.

Schoeser, Mary. World Textiles: A Concise History. London: Thames & Hudson, 2003. ISBN 0-500-20369-5

English; A general survey of textiles from pre-history to modern times. Lavishly illustrated. Contains several simple and cross-knit looped textiles, including the child`s sock in Manchester.

Schorta, Regula. 1999. "Biretum S. Symeonis: eine mittelalterliche Gewandreliquie und ihre Hüllen." Sancta Treveris Beiträge zu Kirchenbau und bildender Kunst im alten Erzbistum Trier; Festschrift für Franz J. Ronig zum 70. Geburtstag. Edited by Michael Embach, Christoph Gerhardt, Wolfgang Schmid, Annette Schommers, and Hans-Walter Stork. Trier: Paulinus, 1999. 609-624. ISBN 3-7902-0200-2.

German; Includes beautiful photos of St. Simeon's hat, including the inside lining and a bit over 5 rows of the inside of the nalbinding itself. Also includes stitch diagrams of UUU/OOOU F4 and of an increase.

Schrenk, Sabine. Textiles in Situ: Their Find Spots in Egypt and Neighbouring Countries in the First Millenium CE. Riggisberg: Abegg-Stiftung, 2006. ISBN 3-905014-29-7

English; Several of the articles make mention of different Cross-knit Looping variant socks and the compound variant hat from Arsinoe that have been found. Only the article by Thelma K. Thomas, "Reevaluating the Textiles from Karanis," includes a photograph showing a sock fragment in the 'Division of Textiles, 1935.'

Seiler-Baldinger, Annemarie. Systematik der Textilen Techniken. Basel: Ethnologisches Seminar der Universität und Museum für Völkerkunde, 1991. ISBN 3-85977-185-X

German; An attempt to systematically classify textile techniques.

Seiler-Baldinger, Annemarie. Textiles A Classification of Techniques. Washington: Smithsonian Inst, 1994. ISBN 1-56098-509-7

English; English translation of the completely revised and expanded edition of Systematik der Textilen Techniken dated 1991.

Smeds, Christina; ”Nyfiken på Dalbyvanten”; ett projektarbete vid Datorteket i Transtrand; 29 januari 1999; http://www.tordata.se/transtrand/dalbyvanten/index.htm.

Swedish;

Steffensen, Helga; Nålebinding; Borgens Forlag, Printed by Andelsbogtrykkeriet, Odense; ISBN 87-418-3505-0.

	Danish;

Stékoffer, Sarah; ‘4.1 Le trésor de l’Abbaye de Moutier-Grandval’ in La cross mérovingienne de saint Germain, premier abbé de Moutier-Grandval; Office du patrimoine historique – Societe jurassienne d’Emulation, Porrentruy, 1996; 3 pages of a total of 184 pages in the book; ISBN 2-88436-005-0.

French;

Stone-Miller, Rebecca. To Weave for the Sun: Andean Textiles in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Boston, MA: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1992. ISBN 0-87846-360-7.

English; Catalog includes some simple looping, primarily wig caps, and cross-knit looping edge fragments.

Strömberg, Elisabeth. ‘Åslevantens Teknik’ Part II of "Åslevanten" in Nordiska Museets och Skansens Årsbok Fataburen, 1934. pgs. 73-82. see Arbman, Holger.

Swedish; Includes a photograph of a pair of brigroom`s mittens from Finnskoga and some close ups of the Åsle mitten`s inner cuff and outer texture. Provides diagrams of several compound and simple variants. Shows the method of reconstruction of the Åsle mitten`s stitch, but this is worked right to left instead of the more common left to right interpretation.

Talalay, Lauren E., and Margaret Cool Root. Passionate Curiosities: Tales of Collectors & Collections from the Kelsey Museum. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, 2015. ISBN: 9780990662334.

English; Page 118 contains a picture of the brown sock fragment with one toe and most of the instep remaining (KM 22558). It also includes an excavation photo of the division of Karanis and Soknopaiou Nesos textiles for partage that was take on May 31st, 1935 that includes same sock fragment.

Teague, Lynn S. Textiles in Southwestern Prehistory. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8263-1977-7.

English; Includes a picture of one of the socks from the Ancient Pueblos in Arizona, USA. Also discusses finds of similar structure in regions from just north of Arizona, through Arizona and New Mexico, into Mexico.

The Textile Museum. An Introduction to Textile Terms, Washington DC: The Textile Museum, 1997.

English; Defines Looping and includes a diagram and a photo of a lovely hat with a dog and puppies on it from Peru.

Thomas, Mary. Mary Thomas’s Knitting Book. New York: William Morrow & Co., 1940.

English; This is the second printing. Includes Ikle's fragment with stitch count, noting it is in crossed knit structure, and that the design is upside down for the knitting technique. Also includes an image of the red pair of socks with split toes in the V&S; now known to be nalbound.

Thomas, Thelma K. “Coptic and Byzantine Textiles Found in Egypt: Corpora, Collections, and Scholarly Perspectives.” In Egypt in the Byzantine World, 2007.

English; Briefly mentions the early finds of "knitting" that in this case refer to finds of the cross-knit nalbinding variant. Most useful for references to early explorers and excavations.

Tímár-Balázsy, Ágnes and Dinah Eastop. Chemical Principles of Textile Conservation. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2011. ISBN 978-93-80931-85-2

English; Includes a case history of "the humidification of a fourth-century AD woolen sock, excavated at Hawara, Egypt." This is UC 16767 in the Petrie Museum. The case history includes photographs taken before and after the treatment which includes one where the tip of the toe is visible through a hole in the inside out sock.

Todtenhaupt, Dieter. "Archäologische Ausgrabungen und Experimentelle Archäologie im Museumdorf Düppel" in Experimentelle Archäologie. Bilanz 2000. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Nordwestdeutschland, Beiheft 37 edited by Mamoun Fansa. Oldenburg: Isensee Verlag, 2001. ISBN 3-89598-779-4, ISSN 0946-8250.

German; Article includes a photo of the reconstruction of the Riga glove done by Gudrun Böttcher.

Tomanterä, Leena. "Nadelhandschuhe aus der jüngeren Eisenzeit in Finnland." Fennoscandia archaeologica IV Appendix, (1987): 117-120. http://www.sarks.fi/fa/PDF/FA4_117.pdf. Last Accessed January 10, 2022.

German; Includes black and white images of the early iron age Finnish nalbound handcovering fragments from Kaukola (including front and back), Mikkeli (including front and back), Eura, Köyliö, Kaarina, Masku (including front and back), Perniö (including front and back), and two from Halikko. Link to the full volume: http://www.sarks.fi/fa/faiv.html.

Turnau, Irena; ‘The Diffusion of Knitting in Medieval Europe’ in Cloth and Clothing in Medieval Europe: Essays in Memory of Professor E. M. Carus-Wilson, (Pasold Studies in Textile History 2); ed. N. B. Harte & K. G. Ponting; Heinemann Educational Books, The Pasold Research Fund Ltd., 1983; pgs. 368-389; ISBN 0-435-32382-2.

English;

Turnau, Irena. Historia dziewiarstwa europejskiego do początku XIX wieku. Wrocław [u.a.]: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1979. ISBN 83-04-00088-1.

Polish; Includes a very short summary in English translating the title as "The history of Knitting in Europe till the beginning of the 19th century." While primarily on the history of knitting, it does address the confusion of cross-knit looping variant of nalbinding with knitting and how some finds had their technique misidentified in prior sources.

Turnau, Irena. History of Knitting Before Mass Production. Translated by and Agnieszka Szonert. Warsaw: Institute of the Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences, 1991. ISBN 83-900213-2-3 .

English; Particularly interesting as it gathers information from sources that are not usually incorporated into English research into the history of knitting and nalbinding. However, the book does suffer from some translation issues and thus it is important to double check references. This book is an updated and renewed version of her earlier *Historia dziewiarstwa europejskiego do początku XIX wieku.* This book incorporates her interest in Coptic and Arabian knitting as well as that of the New East, North Africa, Caucasus, and North America" in addition to the European focus of the Polish publication.

Vahter, Tyyni; ‘Tuukkalan neulakinnas’ in Suomen Muinaismuistoyhdistyken aikakauskirja = Finska fornminnesfeoreningens tidskrift, Vol. 40; Helsinki : Yhdistys; 1934. pgs. 236-243.

Finnish;

Vajanto, Krista. "Euran Emännän Neulakintaat: Tutkielma Luistarin Haudan 56 Neulakinnasfragmenteista." Pro gradu -tutkielma, Huhtikyy 2003, Kulttuurien tutkimuksen laitos, Archeologian oppiaine.

Finnish; Krista Vajanto's Master's Thesis focused primarily on the Eura female burial in Lustai grave 56. Includes photographs of the front and back of the Eura fragement. Photographs and a closeup for the Kaukolan, Tuukkalan (both), and Maskun fragments. Includes her theories on reconstruction.

Vajanto, Krista. "Nålbinding in Prehistoric Burials – Reinterpreting Finnish 11th–14th-century AD Textile Fragments." in Sounds Like Theory. XII Nordic Theoretical Archaeology Group Meeting in Oulu 25.–28.4.2012. Monographs of the Archaeological Society of Finland 2, edited by Janne Ikäheimo, Anna-Kaisa Salmi & Tiina Äikäs, pgs. 21–33. The Archaeological Society of Finland, 2014.

English; Stable URL: www.sarks.fi/masf/masf_2/SLT_02_Vajanto.pdf Accessed June 21, 2019. ISBN 978-952-67594-7-0 (PDF), ISBN 978-952-67594-6-3 (hardback)

Van Strydonck, Mark, Antoine De Moor, and Dominique Bénazeth. "Carbon Dating compared to Art Historical Dating of Roman and Coptic Textiles from Egypt." RADIOCARBON, Vol 46, no. 1: pgs. 231–244. Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona, 2004.

English; Also at https://www.academia.edu/24518619/CARRBON_DATING_COMPARED_TO_ART_HISTORICAL_DATING_OF_ROMAN_AND_COPTIC_TEXTILES_FROM_EGYPT Accessed May 25, 2019.

Vedeler, Marianne. Silk for the Vikings. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2014. ISBN 978-1-78297-215-0.

English; Includes a picture of the decorative bands from Mammen with a bit o data about them.

Фолькман, Адольф [Volkmann, Adolf]. Русское кольцевое плетение, или плетение одной нитью [Russian Ring Weaving, or Weaving One Thread]. Плетеніе крестьянскихъ тулокъ и рукавицъ [Weaving of peasant tulles and mittens]. ДЛЯ ШКОЛЪ и САМООБУЧЕНІЯ [FOR SCHOOLS and SELF-EDUCATION]. Москва [Мoscow]: тип. О-ва распростр. полезн. кн., 1884. https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000199_000009_003598734/

Russian; Earliest known published instructions for nalbinding. If you'd like an idea of how to follow the instructions: http://www.craft-retro.ru/2021/04/pletenie-odnoy-nityu.html (Last accessed 27 Nov 2021) has typed them out using the original diagrams meaning that you can use machine translation on the site to get an idea of the written portions.

Vuori, Pertti; Tulentallojain tarinoita II; Joutsenon kotiseutuyhdistyksen julkaisu n:o 2; Joutsenolainen kotiseutulukemisto 1720-luvulta 1860-luvulle; Lappeenranta; 1981; ISSN 0357-914X; ISBN 951-99339-2-1.

Finnish;

Walker, Barbara G., and photography by William J. Williams. A Second Treasury of Knitting Patterns. New York: Macmillan, 1970. ISBN 0-684-16938-x

English; Page 139 & 140 contain a knitting pattern contributed by Virginia S. Gifford, Washington, D.C. based on the patterned nalbound fragment from Dura-Europos. The pomegranate shape is more three spaced waves than the seeded pomegranate of the original.

Wallace, Patrick F. Viking Dublin: The Wood Quay Excavations. Irish Academic Press, 2016. ISBN 978-07165-3314-6.

English; Archaeological report. Brief mention of the nalbound fragment is found on page 263.

Walton Rogers, Penelope; Textile Production at 16-22 Coopergate; The Archaeology of York; Volume 17: The Small Finds; Fasc. 11; Council for British Archaeology (for the York Archaeological Trust), Dorchester, Dorset, UK, 1997; ISBN 1-872414-76-1.

English;

Walton, Penelope; ‘Textile Production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?’ in Textiles in Northern Archaeology, Textile Symposium in York, North European Symposium for Archaeological Textiles Monograph 3, NESAT III; London Archetype Publications, 1990; ISBN 1-873132-05-0.

English;

Walton, Penelope; Textiles, Cordage and Raw Fiber from 16-22 Coppergate; The Archaeology of York; Volume 17: The Small Finds; Fasc. 5; Council for British Archaeology (for the York Archaeological Trust), Dorchester, Dorset, UK, 1989; ISBN 0-906780-79-9.

English;

王炳华 = Wang, Binghua. 新疆古尸 : 古代新疆居民及其文化 = Xinjiang gu shi: gu dai Xinjiang ju min ji qi wen hua = The ancient corpses of Xinjiang : the peoples of ancient Xinjiang and their cvlture [i.e. culture]. Wulumuqi-shi: Xinjiang ren min chu ban she, 2001. ISBN 7-228-05161-0

Chinese & English; Includes a beautiful photo of the Simple Looping hat from Hamiwupu and the nalbound net covered two [art hat of a mummy from Subeshi.

Welsby, Derek A., and Charles M. Daniels. Soba: Archaeological Research at a Medieval Capital on the Blue Nile. London: British Institute in Eastern Africa, 1991. ISBN: 1872566022.

English; Pages 305-307 contain the information regarding the three small fragments (one with shaping) possibly of a hat. States due to fragility could not determine technique used. The drawings indicate a crossed knit structure.

Westman, Berit; ‘Att ’söma’ och sy nålvantar’ in Hemslöjden, 1985/5; pgs. 10-12.

Swedish;

Westman, Berit; Nålbindning; Firma Tumvanten; Tryckt hos Affärs-Tryckeriet AB; Västerås, 1995; ISBN 91-970550-3-4.

Swedish;

Westman, Berit; Nålbindning; 12 varianter; Andersson & Kagardt, Västerås, 1983; ISBN 91-970550-0-X.

Swedish;

Westman, Berit, and Anna Karin Reimerson. Nålbindning: 12 varianter. Västerås: Västmanlands läns hemslöjdsförbund, 2001. ISBN 91-631-0670-1.

Swedish; Rework of the 1983 version by Anne Karin Reimerson with additional diagrams by Ingelöv Åstrand. Includes instructions for mittens and a sock variant. Also includes an inventory of nålbindning and variations in Västmanlands län.

Westman, Berit. "Nålbindning i Västmanlands län" in Västmanlands fornminnesförening och Västmanlands läns museum årsskrift, 1986; pgs. 54-60.

Swedish;

Wild, John Peter. Textile Manufacture in the Northern Roman Provinces. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970. ISBN 0-521-07491-6.

English; Brief mention of the Esch fragments as "bobbin-work" and his disbelief in the fragment of knitting in stocking stitch assigned to Pompeii exhibited in the Museo Nazionale, Naples.

Wild, John Peter. Textiles in Archaeology. Shire Archaeology 56. Aylesbury, UK: Shire Publications Ltd., 1988. and reprinted Princes Risborough: Shire Publications, 2003. ISBN 0-85263-931-7.

English; Pages 49-53 contain the information regarding nalbinding. Includes a photograph of the Coppergate sock.

Wilfong, Terry G., and Andrew W. S. Ferrara, ed. Karanis Revealed: Discovering the Past and Present of a Michigan Excavation in Egypt. Ann Arbor: Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, 2014. ISBN 9780974187396.

English; Interesting information on the Karanis excavations themselves. Brief catalog mention of one sock fragment. Includes size, dating, and field number.

Willemsen, Annemarieke. Van hand tot hand: Handschoenen en wanten in de Nederlanden voor 1700. Zwolle: Spa Uitgevers i.o.v. de Stichting Promotie Archeologie, 2015. ISBN 978-90-8932-127-5.

Dutch; Contains images and information regarding the 17th century nalbound mitten lining from a shipwreck in Texel and a possibly nalbound mitten from 15th-16th century Amsterdam. Also includes a picture of the Lödöse mitten as quite a few interesting knitted pieces.

Wilson, Kax. "Where sand falls like rain: Needleknitting from Ancient Peru"in Piecework, Volume I, Number 2 (September/October 1993): 28-35. Loveland, CO: Interweave Press, Inc., 1993. ISSN 1067-2249.

English; Includes beautiful detailed color pictures of several examples of cross-knit looping from Peru, including several from private collections.

Wood, Josephine, and Lilly de Jongh Osborne. Indian Costumes of Guatemala. Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1966. No ISBN.

English; Includes brief mention of looped bags.

Xin, Xiaoyu. "Research on Prehistoric Hats in Xinjiang (2000 BC-200 BC)" Asian Social Science Vol. 11, No. 7. Canadian Center of Science and Education 2015. ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v11n7p333 Accessed June 3, 2019.

English; The article includes information on the Tarim beret (blanket stitch) and the witch's hat (Loop &amp; Twist and Blanket stitch). The article refers to these hats as "knitted" which is not the only evidence of translation issues inherent from Chinese to English.

Yarza Luaces, Joaquin ed. Vestiduras ricas: el Monasterio de las Huelgas y su época, 1170-1340: [exposition] del 16 de marzo al 19 de junio de 2005, Palacio Real de Madrid. [Madrid]: Patrimonio Nacional, 2005. pgs. 193-194 ISBN 87-7120-383-9.

Spanish; Catalog entry 30 describes the glove of Bishop San Ramon del Monte. Includes an image.

Žabkar, Louis V. and Joan J. Žabkar. "Semna South. A Preliminary Report on the 1966-68 Excavations of the University of Chicago Oriental Institute Expedition to Sudanese Nubia" in Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Vol. 19 (1982), pp. 7-50. Published by: American Research Center in Egypt DOI: 10.2307/40000432 Accessed January 2, 2020.

English; Excavation report. Provides brief one line mention of 'a pair of heavy blue woolen "socks" with yellow hems...'

Initially published in 2000. Major update 2004. Minor updates and additions March 24, 2019 through January 2, 2020. Additions 29 February 2020. Additions and minor updates in late July 2020. Significant additions 1 November 2020. Significant additions 31 December 2020. Significant additions 13 November 2021. Minor additional 10 January 2022.

Annotated Bibliography & Other Sources

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